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Audio Signal Flow
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Compressor
Reduces dynamic range of the audio signal; Varies within path
Loudspeaker
Converts electrical signals to acoustic energy; End of signal chain
Equalizer
Adjusts the balance of frequency components; Varies within path
Mixer
Combines multiple audio signals; Middle to later in path
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)
Converts digital data to analog signal; Near the end in path for playback
VU Meter
Displays the level of audio signals; Can be found throughout the path
Peak Limiter
Prevents clipping by restricting the peaks of the signal; Varies within path
Patch Bay
Facilitates routing of audio signals through connections; Centralized routing point
Pre-Amplifier
Boosts the microphone level signal to line level; Second in path
Monitor Controller
Manages the levels and sources sent to studio monitors; Near the end of the path
Noise Gate
Reduces noise by muting the signal below threshold; Varies within path
Microphone
Transduces acoustic energy to electrical energy; Typically first
Power Amplifier
Increases signal level to drive speakers; End of the path
Headphones
Personal monitoring device; End of chain or monitor path
Channel Strip
Combines pre-amplifier, EQ, and compressor into one unit; Early in path
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
Converts analog signal to digital data; Later in path for digital recording
Direct Injection Box (DI)
Converts instrument level signals to mic level; Near the beginning
Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
Manipulates the digital audio data; In digital path
Filter
Removes unwanted frequencies or alters the spectral content; Varies within path
Effects Processor
Applies effects like reverb, delay; Varies within path
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