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The number of complete cycles per second in a sound wave, measured in Hertz (Hz), affecting the pitch we hear.

The size of the vibration, which determines how loud a sound is; it is the forcefulness of air particles moved by a sound wave.

The quality or color of a sound that distinguishes different types of sound production, such as choirs or instruments.

The stages of a sound's intensity: Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release, describing how sounds evolve over time.

A phenomenon where a louder sound makes it difficult to hear a softer one when they are both present in the same time frequency range.

The change in frequency or wavelength of a sound as the source moves relative to the listener, causing a perceptual change in pitch.

The persistence of sound in a particular space after the original sound is produced, affected by the space's size and texture.

A reflection of sound that arrives at the listener with a delay after the direct sound, creating a distinct repetition.

The interference between two sounds of slightly different frequencies, perceived as a pulsation.

A measure of sound pressure over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones.

The frequency bands within which a second tone will affect the perception of a first tone, related to the masking effect.

The spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain, correlates with cochlea's structure.

The ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance.

A psychoacoustic phenomenon that defines how humans localize sounds when they arrive at both ears slightly at different times - within ~35ms.

The process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements.

The interval between one musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency, perceived as similar in human hearing.

An auditory illusion of a tone that continuously ascends or descends in pitch, yet which ultimately seems to get no higher or lower.

A phenomenon when two identical signals have a slight time delay, causing constructive and destructive interference and leading to peaks and notches in the frequency response.

When the fundamental frequency of a sound is missing, the brain perceives the pitch based on the harmonic frequencies that are present.