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Psychoacoustics and Sound Perception

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Sound Localization

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The ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance.

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Frequency

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The number of complete cycles per second in a sound wave, measured in Hertz (Hz), affecting the pitch we hear.

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Comb Filtering

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A phenomenon when two identical signals have a slight time delay, causing constructive and destructive interference and leading to peaks and notches in the frequency response.

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Echo

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A reflection of sound that arrives at the listener with a delay after the direct sound, creating a distinct repetition.

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Masking

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A phenomenon where a louder sound makes it difficult to hear a softer one when they are both present in the same time frequency range.

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Phantom Center

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An effect in stereo recordings where a sound appears to come from a central position, despite having no speaker there, as a result of identical audio signals in both left and right channels entering both ears at the same level.

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Timbre

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The quality or color of a sound that distinguishes different types of sound production, such as choirs or instruments.

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Haas Effect

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A psychoacoustic phenomenon that defines how humans localize sounds when they arrive at both ears slightly at different times - within ~35ms.

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Beats

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The interference between two sounds of slightly different frequencies, perceived as a pulsation.

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Doppler Effect

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The change in frequency or wavelength of a sound as the source moves relative to the listener, causing a perceptual change in pitch.

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Equal Loudness Contour

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A measure of sound pressure over the frequency spectrum, for which a listener perceives constant loudness when presented with pure steady tones.

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Octave

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The interval between one musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency, perceived as similar in human hearing.

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Tonotopic Organization

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The spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain, correlates with cochlea's structure.

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Auditory Scene Analysis

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The process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements.

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Missing Fundamental Phenomenon

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When the fundamental frequency of a sound is missing, the brain perceives the pitch based on the harmonic frequencies that are present.

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Envelope (ADSR)

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The stages of a sound's intensity: Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release, describing how sounds evolve over time.

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Critical Bands

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The frequency bands within which a second tone will affect the perception of a first tone, related to the masking effect.

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Amplitude

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The size of the vibration, which determines how loud a sound is; it is the forcefulness of air particles moved by a sound wave.

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Reverberation

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The persistence of sound in a particular space after the original sound is produced, affected by the space's size and texture.

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Shepard Tone

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An auditory illusion of a tone that continuously ascends or descends in pitch, yet which ultimately seems to get no higher or lower.

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