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A region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closest together, causing a higher pressure area in sound waves.

A region in a longitudinal wave where particles are spread apart, causing a low-pressure area in sound waves.

The variation in amplitude of a sound wave over time, usually characterized by attack, decay, sustain, and release phases in sound design.

A measure of resistance that a medium offers against the transmission of sound through it, affecting how much sound is absorbed or reflected.

The speed at which a wave travels through a medium, which for sound is influenced by the medium's properties like density and elasticity.

The change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source, observed in sound as a pitch variation.

The distance between two corresponding points of adjacent waves, such as crest to crest. In sound, shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies and thus higher pitches.

Integral multiples of the fundamental frequency, contributing to the timbre and character of a sound.

The quality or color of a sound that distinguishes different types of sound production, such as instruments or voices, even when they have the same pitch and loudness.

Sound waves cannot be polarized as they are longitudinal waves; polarization is a property of transverse waves, like light.

A measure of the wave's displacement from the rest position, which in sound waves corresponds to volume or loudness.

A logarithmic unit used to express the ratio of two values of a physical quantity, often power or intensity, commonly used to measure sound level.

Frequencies higher than the fundamental frequency occurring naturally in sound production; a part of the harmonic series.

The bending of waves around obstacles and openings, which affects how sound spreads and can be heard around corners or through openings.

The number of times a wave oscillates in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz). Higher frequency in sound waves results in a higher pitch.

The change in direction of wave propagation due to a change in its transmission medium.

The amplification of a sound wave when it happens to have a frequency matching the natural frequency of a system, leading to increased amplitude.

A measure of the position of a point in time on a waveform cycle, can cause interference effects such as phase cancellation when waves meet.

The power carried by a wave per unit area, in sound related to the energy of the sound wave and consequently the perceived loudness.