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Rawls's work revived interest in the philosophical study of justice by presenting the idea of the original position and veil of ignorance. Notable for its influence on political philosophy and its emphasis on the principles of justice as fairness.

In this book, Quine criticizes the analytic/synthetic distinction and explores the indeterminacy of translation. Notable for its arguments against logical positivism and for influencing the development of pragmatism and cognitive science.

Tarski's seminal work on the concept of truth and its application to formal languages. This is notable for providing a mathematically precise definition of truth and for influencing subsequent theories of meaning.

Kuhn's book challenges the traditional view of scientific progress as continuous, asserting that science advances through 'paradigm shifts'. Notable for introducing the concepts of 'paradigms' and 'scientific revolutions' to the philosophy of science.

Putnam challenges the traditional theory of meaning and introduces the concept of semantic externalism. Notable for its 'Twin Earth' thought experiment and its significant contributions to the philosophy of mind and language.

Kripke's lectures, initially delivered in 1970, explore metaphysical questions about names and necessity and introduced the concept of possible worlds. Notable for challenging existing philosophical positions and for its profound influence on modal logic.

Hart's book is influential in legal philosophy, presenting a legal positivist view and critiquing earlier theories of natural law. Notable for the introduction of the distinction between 'primary' and 'secondary' rules.

Strawson's work is significant in metaphysics and philosophy of language, engaging with issues of subject-predicate philosophy and the primacy of material bodies. Notable for its 'descriptive metaphysics' and critique of 'revisionary metaphysics'.

A groundbreaking series of lectures that proposed a causal theory of reference and challenged descriptivist theories of names. It is notable for its impact on metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language.

Moore's work in this book introduces the concept of 'naturalistic fallacy' and emphasizes the importance of the term 'good' as indefinable. Notable for its significant impact on ethical philosophy and for inspiring the later analytical approach to moral philosophy.

Quine discusses the indeterminacy of translation and the inscrutability of reference. Notable for advocating ontological relativity and for challenging the notion that there is a unique ontology.

Written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, this three-volume work aimed to derive all mathematical truths from a well-defined set of axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic. It is notable for its attempt to ground mathematics in logic.

Although written in the 20th century, this book is part of the foundations for the analytic approach in the social sciences. It's notable for introducing the concept of 'Verstehen' (understanding) and for influencing the methodology of social science research.

Wittgenstein's only publication during his lifetime, presenting a picture theory of language and reality. The book is notable for its influence on positivism and the logic-centered approach to philosophy.

A group of philosophers and scientists formed around Moritz Schlick in Vienna, which promoted logical positivism and sought to apply the methods of science to philosophy. They are known for their rejection of metaphysics and their verification principle.

Carnap attempted to demonstrate that all concepts could be defined in terms of a phenomenalistic language, a concept known as logical positivism. Noteworthy for introducing the concept of 'logical construction'.

These works represent transitional stages in Wittgenstein's philosophical development. They are notable for exploring themes that would later appear in 'Philosophical Investigations' and for influencing the philosophy of mind and language.

Parfit argues for a reductionist view of personal identity and tackles issues like rationality, ethics, and future generations. Notable for its innovative approach to personal identity, ethics, and the importance for future generations.

Popper's work criticizes the verification principle and proposes falsificationism as a criterion of demarcation between science and non-science. It's notable for its influence on the philosophy of science and scientific methodology.

Wittgenstein's later work develops the philosophy of ordinary language and contrasts with his earlier views in the 'Tractatus'. Significant for its influence on the ordinary language philosophy movement and for introducing concepts like 'language games' and 'family resemblance'.

Russell introduces his theory of descriptions, which is an important piece of his work in logic and philosophy of language. Notable for addressing the problem of non-existent objects and significantly influencing the course of analytic philosophy.

Van Inwagen introduces important arguments concerning the problems of free will and determinism. It's notable for reinvigorating debates in metaphysics around personal agency and moral responsibility.

Quine critiqued the analytic/synthetic distinction and the reduction of meaningful statements to immediate experience. This paper is notable for challenging the logical positivist philosophy and for advocating for a holistic view of science and knowledge.

Ayer's book brought logical positivism to the English-speaking world and argued for verificationism as a criterion of meaning. Notable for its promotion of emotivism in ethics and its influence on the philosophy of language.