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Assuming the conclusion in the premises of the argument. Example: 'Reading fiction is a waste of time because it is not productive use of time.'

Incorrectly assuming one thing as the cause of another. Example: 'Every time the rooster crows, the sun rises; therefore, the rooster causes the sun to rise.'

Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the original issue. Example: 'We should not be focusing on climate change; what about the issue of hunger in the world?'

Arguing that because two things are alike in one respect, they are alike in other respects. Example: 'Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees.'

Asserting that a statement must be true because it's repeated multiple times. Example: 'The commercial kept saying this is the best car of the year, so it must be true.'

Assuming that what is true for the whole must also be true for the segments. Example: 'Our country is wealthy, so every citizen must be wealthy.'

Making what could be called an appeal to purity as a way to dismiss relevant criticisms or flaws of an argument. Example: 'No true vegan would ever eat a meal that was cooked near meat, even if it is completely plant-based.'

Asserting that because two opposing arguments have merit, the answer must lie somewhere between them. Example: 'If one person says it's going to rain and another says it won't, it will probably just be a light drizzle.'

A formal fallacy of inferring the converse from the original statement. Example: 'If Bill Gates owns Fort Knox, then he is rich. Bill Gates is rich. Therefore, he owns Fort Knox.'

Arguing that something must be done a certain way because it's traditionally been done that way. Example: 'We cannot change our policy on this issue; it has been in place for 50 years.'

Assuming that what is true for the individual parts must be true for the whole. Example: 'Each part of this machine is light weight; thus, the whole machine must be light weight.'

Arguing something is true because an authority figure said it is, without any other supporting evidence. Example: 'The CEO said this is the best strategy, so it must be true.'

Manipulating an emotional response instead of making a logical argument. Example: 'You must vote for me if you care about the future of our children.'

Avoiding criticism by pointing out hypocrisy in the critic. Example: 'How can you argue against smoking when you used to smoke yourself?'

Asking a question that contains an assumption. Example: 'Have you stopped lying to your spouse?'

Asserting that a proposition is true because it has not been proven false. Example: 'No one can prove that extraterrestrials don't exist, so they must be real.'

Another formal fallacy of the converse. Example: 'If you are a doctor, then you are rich. You are not a doctor. Therefore, you are not rich.'

Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack. Example: 'Senator Smith argues that we should allocate more funds to education, but her opponent claims she wants to abandon military spending which is not her actual position.'

Claiming that what is natural is inherently good or right. Example: 'This supplement is all-natural, so it must be good for you.'

Arguing that a small first step will lead to a chain of events culminating in some significant (usually negative) effect. Example: 'If we allow students to redo exams, eventually they'll expect to retake them whenever they want.'

The belief that past events can affect the likelihood of events happening in the future. Example: 'The roulette wheel has landed on black five times in a row, so it's bound to be red next time.'

Using a word with multiple meanings ambiguously within an argument. Example: 'A feather is light. What is light cannot be dark. Therefore, a feather cannot be dark.'

Claiming that because something is difficult to understand, it is not true. Example: 'I can't imagine how such a complex structure could have been created naturally, therefore a higher power must have designed it.'

The reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. Example: 'You can trust me because I'm very trustworthy.'

Attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself. Example: 'Your argument about climate change is invalid because you're not a scientist.'

Selectively presenting evidence that supports one's position while ignoring evidence that contradicts it. Example: 'Our country's education system is the best because our top universities are ranked highest in the world, ignoring dropout rates and literacy levels.'

Presenting two options as the only possibilities, when in fact more exist. Example: 'You're either with us, or against us.'

Making a general statement based on a small sample. Example: 'I met two people from X country and they were rude, so all people from there must be rude.'