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A theory of knowledge emphasizing the role of experience, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas. Key proponents include John Locke and David Hume.

The position that the universe described by science is real regardless of how it may be interpreted. Key proponents include Richard Boyd and Stathis Psillos.

A philosophical approach that assumes all phenomena can be explained through natural causes and scientific methods. Often applied within scientific inquiry. Key proponents include Carl Sagan and Richard Dawkins.

The doctrine that everything is physical or as determined by physical law. Key proponents include David Lewis and Daniel Dennett.

Philosophical viewpoint that rejects the traditional epistemological project and advocates for the study of knowledge using natural sciences. Key proponents include W.V.O. Quine.

The claimed mistake of identifying what is good with some natural property, such as pleasure. Critically discussed by G.E. Moore in 'Principia Ethica'.

An approach to epistemology that applies evolutionary theory to the process of knowing, suggesting that our cognitive faculties evolved by natural selection. Key proponents include Karl Popper and Donald T. Campbell.

The theory that explains higher-level systems and phenomena in terms of their lower-level physical constituents. Proponents include Jaegwon Kim and Paul Churchland.

Quine's holistic model of knowledge where beliefs, including scientific theories, form an interconnected web that responds as an entire body to sensory input. Key proponents include W.V.O. Quine.

Holds that knowledge is derived from the study of natural phenomena and their properties. Key proponents include W.V.O. Quine and Hilary Putnam.

An approach that explains mental phenomena using natural laws and processes, generally rejecting dualism. Key proponents include Patricia Churchland and Paul Churchland.

The view that everything arises from natural properties and causes, and supernatural or spiritual explanations are excluded. Key proponents include John Dewey and Quine.

The belief that moral properties exist and are part of the natural world. Key proponents include Peter Railton and Philippa Foot.

The study of being and existence per naturalism; it focuses on entities as natural and dismisses supernatural entities. Key proponents include David Armstrong and Willard Quine.