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The Philosophy of Perception
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Direct Realism (Naïve Realism)
Holds that the perception of the world is immediate and without any intermediary process.
Representationalism (Indirect Realism)
Suggests that we do not perceive objects directly, but rather through internal representations.
Phenomenalism
Claims that physical objects do not exist as things in themselves but only as perceptual phenomena or bundles of sense-data.
Idealism
Asserts that reality is primarily mental or spiritual and that external physical objects do not exist independently of the mind.
Disjunctivism
Argues that veridical perceptions (when one actually perceives an object) and hallucinations are fundamentally different in nature.
Sense-Datum Theory
Contends that perception involves direct awareness of abstract entities called 'sense-data' that represent real objects in the external world.
Adverbial Theory
Proposes that perceptual experiences can be described in terms of how one senses (in an 'adverbial' manner) rather than in terms of objects or data one senses.
Intentionalism (Intentionality)
Asserts that all mental states are directed at, or about, objects and states of affairs in the world.
Phenomenology
Focuses on the structures of experience and consciousness from the first-person perspective.
Externalism
Claims that the content of perceptual experience depends on factors external to the mind.
Internalism
Argues that all mental content is determined by internal states of the perceiver, independent of the external world.
Epistemological Direct Realism
Asserts that perception gives us direct knowledge of the external world, which is not mediated by any other knowledge.
Information-Processing Theories
View perception as a process where information from the external world is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.
Perceptual Ecology
Based on the principle that organisms perceive in order to act in their environment, emphasizing the ecological validity of perception.
Perceptual Learning
Conveys that perception is not static but can be trained and improved with experience and learning.
Predictive Processing Framework
A theory that posits perception is a constructive process where the brain predicts sensory input and updates its predictions based on actual input.
Constructivism
Argues that perception is an active and constructive process in which the mind works to make sense of the stimuli it encounters.
Embodied Perception
Emphasizes that perception cannot be separated from the physical action of the body and that the body shapes perception.
Gestalt Theory of Perception
Maintains that the human mind perceives objects not by their individual parts but as whole structures or configurations.
Action-Based Perception
The theory that perception is primarily for the control of action and that sensory information is used to guide and control motor actions.
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