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Known as the 'Father of Economics,' key contributions include the 'invisible hand' principle and the book 'The Wealth of Nations,' advocating for free market economics.

Developed Keynesian Economics, emphasizing the need for government intervention in economies to counteract recessions and depressions.

A proponent of Monetarism, emphasizing the importance of monetary policy and arguing for the natural rate of unemployment.

Founder of Marxist Economics, which critiques capitalism and proposes a socialist system where production is communally owned.

Known for Comparative Advantage and the Labor Theory of Value, which form the basis of international trade theory.

Developed the concepts of 'elasticity,' 'consumer surplus,' and 'producer surplus,' and popularized the use of supply and demand graphs.

Known for his defense of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism, criticized central planning in 'The Road to Serfdom.'

Contributed to the understanding of business cycles and innovation with his concept of 'creative destruction.'

His work laid the foundations of modern economics, including the theory of public goods and the Samuelson condition for efficient provision of public goods.

Extended economic analysis to a wide range of human behavior and interaction, including crime and family organization.

Known for Nash Equilibrium in game theory, which finds its application in analysis of competition and strategy.

Known for Say's Law: supply creates its own demand. He argued that production is the primary driver of economic prosperity.

He pioneered the new classical approach to macroeconomics, and his work on rational expectations has deeply influenced macroeconomic theory.

Famous for his theory of population growth and his predictions of population outpacing food supply, leading to crisis.

Coined the term 'conspicuous consumption' and criticized capitalism from a socio-economic perspective.

Made numerous contributions, including the quantity theory of money and the Fisher equation linking inflation and interest rates.

His Impossibility Theorem, which states that no rank-order voting system can be designed to reflect the preferences of individuals in a global ranking while also meeting a specified set of criteria.

Known for his work on welfare economics, poverty, and the Capability Approach, focusing on human development and empowerment.

Won the Nobel Prize for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity; also known for his work on the New Trade Theory and New Economic Geography.

Developed the concept of the Edgeworth Box, used to illustrate economic equilibrium and the efficiency of markets.

A key figure in the Austrian School of Economics, emphasized the role of individual action and the importance of free markets.

Known for the Financial Instability Hypothesis, detailing how financial markets can move from stability to crisis.

He is known for his work on welfare economics and for the concept of Pigouvian taxes designed to correct negative externalities.

Contributed to the theory of bounded rationality and satisficing in decision-making processes in the context of economic behavior.

Developed the theory of General Equilibrium, using the Walrasian Auctioneer as a construct for market equilibrium.

Her work on the governance of common pool resources challenges the traditional 'tragedy of the commons' narrative.

Known for her work on imperfect competition, economic philosophies against neoclassical economics, and contributions to Keynesian economics.

Austrian economist who contributed to the theory of capital and interest rates with his work on 'time preference.'

Devised the Input-Output analysis, which models the interdependencies between different sectors of a national economy.