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Known as the 'Father of Economics,' key contributions include the 'invisible hand' principle and the book 'The Wealth of Nations,' advocating for free market economics.

Developed the theory of General Equilibrium, using the Walrasian Auctioneer as a construct for market equilibrium.

Known for Comparative Advantage and the Labor Theory of Value, which form the basis of international trade theory.

He is known for his work on welfare economics and for the concept of Pigouvian taxes designed to correct negative externalities.

Won the Nobel Prize for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity; also known for his work on the New Trade Theory and New Economic Geography.

Known for Say's Law: supply creates its own demand. He argued that production is the primary driver of economic prosperity.

Contributed to the theory of bounded rationality and satisficing in decision-making processes in the context of economic behavior.

A key figure in the Austrian School of Economics, emphasized the role of individual action and the importance of free markets.

Known for his defense of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism, criticized central planning in 'The Road to Serfdom.'

Coined the term 'conspicuous consumption' and criticized capitalism from a socio-economic perspective.

He focused on institutional economics and the collective action of workers through trade unions and other associations.

A proponent of Monetarism, emphasizing the importance of monetary policy and arguing for the natural rate of unemployment.

Contributed to the understanding of business cycles and innovation with his concept of 'creative destruction.'

Developed the concept of the Edgeworth Box, used to illustrate economic equilibrium and the efficiency of markets.

Known for the Financial Instability Hypothesis, detailing how financial markets can move from stability to crisis.

Developed Keynesian Economics, emphasizing the need for government intervention in economies to counteract recessions and depressions.

Founder of Marxist Economics, which critiques capitalism and proposes a socialist system where production is communally owned.

Developed the concepts of 'elasticity,' 'consumer surplus,' and 'producer surplus,' and popularized the use of supply and demand graphs.

Extended economic analysis to a wide range of human behavior and interaction, including crime and family organization.

Known for his work on welfare economics, poverty, and the Capability Approach, focusing on human development and empowerment.

His work laid the foundations of modern economics, including the theory of public goods and the Samuelson condition for efficient provision of public goods.

Devised the Input-Output analysis, which models the interdependencies between different sectors of a national economy.

Famous for his theory of population growth and his predictions of population outpacing food supply, leading to crisis.

His Impossibility Theorem, which states that no rank-order voting system can be designed to reflect the preferences of individuals in a global ranking while also meeting a specified set of criteria.

Her work on the governance of common pool resources challenges the traditional 'tragedy of the commons' narrative.

Austrian economist who contributed to the theory of capital and interest rates with his work on 'time preference.'

Known for Nash Equilibrium in game theory, which finds its application in analysis of competition and strategy.

He pioneered the new classical approach to macroeconomics, and his work on rational expectations has deeply influenced macroeconomic theory.

Known for her work on imperfect competition, economic philosophies against neoclassical economics, and contributions to Keynesian economics.