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One firm, unique product with no close substitutes, high barriers to entry, price maker, potentially supernormal profits in the long run.

Price set based on customer's perceived value of the product, can allow for higher margins, requires understanding of customer's willingness to pay.

A single firm can supply the entire market at a lower cost than two or more firms, often due to high fixed costs, usually regulated by the government.

Pricing model with a fixed fee plus a variable usage fee, ensures revenue even with low usage, common in utilities and club memberships.

Two firms dominate the market, high barriers to entry, firms may collude or compete, the reaction function is important for predicting competitor behavior.

No barriers to entry or exit, even with few firms, potential competition affects pricing and profits, the threat of hit and run competition.

Factors that prevent or hinder new firms from entering a market, can lead to less competition and higher prices, include legal, technological, or brand loyalty barriers.

Firm sets prices below cost to drive competitors out of the market, often a short-term strategy, could lead to a monopoly.

Higher prices during periods of peak demand, helps manage demand and capacity constraints, common in electricity markets and transportation.

Few firms own a large percentage of market share, high level of market power, pricing tends to be above competitive levels.

Large number of firms with small market shares, no dominant players, high level of competition, tends to lead to competitive pricing.

Selling a product in a foreign market below cost or below home market price, often a strategy to gain market share, can lead to international trade disputes.

Dominant firm sets price, others follow, can lead to more stable prices in the market, often seen in oligopolies.

Group of firms that collude to control prices and limit competition, illegal in many countries, aims to maximize joint profits.

Adding a standard markup to the cost of the product, ensures a profit on each item sold, common in less competitive markets.

Setting a low price to enter a competitive market, aims to attract customers quickly, prices may increase once market share is gained.

Many firms, homogeneous products, no barriers to entry, price takers, perfect information, and optimal allocation of resources.

One buyer, controls market price through buying power, may exploit power to drive prices down, affects suppliers' choices and pricing.

Charging different prices to different consumers for the same product, requires market power and separation of markets, can increase firm's profits.

Cost advantages a firm gets due to the scale of operation, can result in lower prices for consumers, significant barrier to entry for new firms.

Few firms, may produce homogeneous or differentiated products, significant barriers to entry, firms have considerable control over price, interdependent decision-making.

Firms work together to set prices or output, often illegal, can result in non-competitive pricing, higher than in competitive markets.

High initial price for a new product, which is lowered over time, recovers development costs quickly, targets different consumer segments over time.

Many firms, differentiated products, some barriers to entry, some pricing power, non-price competition is significant.