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Government ensures markets are competitive by prohibiting anti-competitive practices and enforcing fair trade.

Government enforces laws that protect ownership and trade of property, which is essential for functioning markets.

Government uses fiscal and monetary policy to smooth out economic cycles, reduce unemployment, and control inflation.

Government supplies goods like national defense and public parks that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous.

Government shapes international economic relations through trade agreements, tariffs, and aid programs.

Government regulates or breaks up monopolies to promote competition and protect consumers.

Government controls the money supply and interest rates to manage economic activity and inflation through a central bank.

Government builds and maintains infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and utilities that are essential for economic activity.

Government uses taxes, subsidies, and regulations to correct for external costs or benefits not reflected in market prices.

Government pursues policies to address historical inequities and provide equitable access to opportunities for all citizens.

Government intervenes when markets fail to allocate resources efficiently, such as through the imposition of taxes or subsidies.

Government oversees financial institutions and markets to prevent fraud, ensure stability, and protect investors.

Government establishes rules governing trade between nations to protect domestic industries and promote exports.

Government uses monetary policy, fiscal policy, and regulation to keep inflation in check.

Government invests in infrastructure, education, and technology to foster a conducive environment for economic growth.

Government sets economic priorities and directs resources towards those via industrial policies or five-year plans.

Government sets minimum wages and workplace safety standards to protect workers.

Government provides financial assistance to sectors deemed strategically important for national interests or economic stability.

Government funds research and development efforts to drive innovation and technological advancement.

Government offers social safety nets like unemployment insurance and disaster relief to mitigate individual risks.

Government establishes the legal structures that facilitate market transactions, contracts, and the resolution of disputes.

Government enacts and enforces environmental regulations to preserve natural resources and public health.

Government sets standards and regulations to safeguard consumers from unsafe or misleading products and services.

Government funds and regulates education systems to improve human capital and promote equality of opportunity.