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Falsifiability in Science

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Kinetic Molecular Theory

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The kinetic molecular theory is falsifiable. Its predictions about the motion of particles in gases and resulting properties like pressure and temperature can be empirically tested and potentially disproved.

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Special Theory of Relativity

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Special relativity is falsifiable by experiments that could demonstrate violations of its core principles, like the constancy of the speed of light or time dilation effects.

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Mendelian Genetics

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Mendelian genetics is falsifiable, as predictions based on simple dominant and recessive inheritance patterns can be tested and potentially shown to be incorrect with differing phenotypic ratios.

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Big Bang Theory

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The Big Bang theory is falsifiable, as it makes specific predictions like the cosmic microwave background radiation, whose absence or different properties could falsify the theory.

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Thermodynamics Laws

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The laws of thermodynamics are falsifiable. For example, creating a perpetual motion machine of the second kind would violate the second law and thus falsify it.

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Molecular Orbital Theory

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Molecular orbital theory is falsifiable, as its predictions about the electronic structure of molecules and the resulting properties can be tested against experimental results, such as spectroscopic data.

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Theory of General Relativity

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The theory of general relativity is falsifiable as it makes predictions about the behavior of matter and space-time that can be tested through experiments and observations, such as the bending of light by mass.

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Evolution by Natural Selection

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Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is falsifiable. For instance, finding fossil records in the wrong historical strata would disprove the theory's timeline of evolution.

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Plate Tectonics Theory

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Plate tectonics theory is falsifiable because it predicts specific patterns of seismic activity and continental movement that can be measured and potentially disproven with contradicting evidence.

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Cell Theory

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Cell theory is falsifiable because it posits that all living organisms are composed of cells. Discovery of a living organism without cellular structure would disprove it.

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Conservation of Energy

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The principle of the conservation of energy is falsifiable. Observing a system where energy is not conserved in an isolated system would invalidate the principle.

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Germ Theory of Disease

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The germ theory, which states that microorganisms cause diseases, is falsifiable. Discovering a disease without a microbial cause or that doesn't respond to antibiotics could invalidate it.

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Theory of Plate Tectonics

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The theory of plate tectonics is falsifiable because it describes specific mechanisms for continental movement that can be observed and measured, and any significant deviations could disprove it.

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Quantum Theory

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Quantum theory is falsifiable through experiments that measure quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement. Any observation significantly deviating from its predictions would be a potential falsification.

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Heliocentrism

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Heliocentrism is falsifiable as it could be disproven by evidence showing that the Earth does not orbit the sun or that other celestial bodies do not follow Kepler's laws.

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