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Falsifiability in Science
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
The kinetic molecular theory is falsifiable. Its predictions about the motion of particles in gases and resulting properties like pressure and temperature can be empirically tested and potentially disproved.
Special Theory of Relativity
Special relativity is falsifiable by experiments that could demonstrate violations of its core principles, like the constancy of the speed of light or time dilation effects.
Mendelian Genetics
Mendelian genetics is falsifiable, as predictions based on simple dominant and recessive inheritance patterns can be tested and potentially shown to be incorrect with differing phenotypic ratios.
Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang theory is falsifiable, as it makes specific predictions like the cosmic microwave background radiation, whose absence or different properties could falsify the theory.
Thermodynamics Laws
The laws of thermodynamics are falsifiable. For example, creating a perpetual motion machine of the second kind would violate the second law and thus falsify it.
Molecular Orbital Theory
Molecular orbital theory is falsifiable, as its predictions about the electronic structure of molecules and the resulting properties can be tested against experimental results, such as spectroscopic data.
Theory of General Relativity
The theory of general relativity is falsifiable as it makes predictions about the behavior of matter and space-time that can be tested through experiments and observations, such as the bending of light by mass.
Evolution by Natural Selection
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is falsifiable. For instance, finding fossil records in the wrong historical strata would disprove the theory's timeline of evolution.
Plate Tectonics Theory
Plate tectonics theory is falsifiable because it predicts specific patterns of seismic activity and continental movement that can be measured and potentially disproven with contradicting evidence.
Cell Theory
Cell theory is falsifiable because it posits that all living organisms are composed of cells. Discovery of a living organism without cellular structure would disprove it.
Conservation of Energy
The principle of the conservation of energy is falsifiable. Observing a system where energy is not conserved in an isolated system would invalidate the principle.
Germ Theory of Disease
The germ theory, which states that microorganisms cause diseases, is falsifiable. Discovering a disease without a microbial cause or that doesn't respond to antibiotics could invalidate it.
Theory of Plate Tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics is falsifiable because it describes specific mechanisms for continental movement that can be observed and measured, and any significant deviations could disprove it.
Quantum Theory
Quantum theory is falsifiable through experiments that measure quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement. Any observation significantly deviating from its predictions would be a potential falsification.
Heliocentrism
Heliocentrism is falsifiable as it could be disproven by evidence showing that the Earth does not orbit the sun or that other celestial bodies do not follow Kepler's laws.
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