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The paradigm shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging the traditional authority of the Church and prompting reevaluation of empirical evidence versus dogma.

Discovery of the double helix structure leading to discussions on the nature of scientific discovery, collaboration, and the ethics of competitive research.

A failed scientific theory that led to discussions about falsifiability, paradigm shifts, and the progress of scientific theory.

A theoretical limit to precision that has philosophical implications for determinism, causality, and the nature of reality.

Challenging traditional beliefs about creation and sparking debates on human nature, morality derived from biological origins, and the notion of progress in evolution.

Revolutionized the understanding of space, time, and gravity, leading to philosophical questions about the nature of reality and the limits of human knowledge.

The Copenhagen interpretation versus alternative views, affecting ideas about determinism, the role of the observer, and the nature of reality.

The challenge of distinguishing science from non-science, leading to varied criteria and implications for the philosophy of science.

Ethical considerations of using animals for scientific progress, implications for animal rights, and debates on the applicability of animal data to humans.

The increasing recognition of the difficulty in reproducing scientific results, leading to discussions on scientific rigor and trust in scientific findings.

The proposal that Earth behaves like a self-regulating organism, prompting philosophical inquiry into holistic views of ecology and the anthropocentric paradigm.

Setting a precedent for self-regulation in science, sparking discussions on the ethics of genetic engineering and precautionary principles.

An exploration of the psychological effects of perceived power, leading to ethical questions about the treatment of participants and the role of the experimenter.

The development of nuclear weapons and the subsequent debates about the ethics of scientific discoveries being used for harmful purposes.