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Argued against methodological monism in science; proposed 'epistemological anarchism'.

Argued that the structure of the mind shapes the structure of knowledge, affecting scientific understanding.

Advocated for the use of logic and mathematics to understand philosophical problems, including those in science.

Philosopher who influenced modern psychiatry and medicine, emphasizing the importance of science in understanding aspects of human existence.

His later work addressed the philosophy of language, important for philosophy of science especially regarding theories and models.

Known for Ockham’s Razor, the principle that prefers simple explanations in the scientific process.

Explored the philosophy of mind and cognitive science, focusing on how science investigates consciousness.

Developed the theories of special and general relativity, challenging Newtonian physics.

Developed the scientific method, emphasis on empiricism.

Formalized the concept of causality, empirical observation as a source of knowledge.

Credited with the development of Cartesian doubt and the Cartesian coordinate system, contributed to the notion of a mechanistic universe.

Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which laid the foundation for classical mechanics.

Explored the relationship between knowledge, power, and discourse, which influenced modern perspectives on the history of science.

Co-inventor of calculus; contributed to the philosophy of science with concepts such as monads and pre-established harmony.

His work systematized empiricism and inductive reasoning, contributing to the philosophy of science.

Proposed falsifiability as a criterion of demarcation between science and non-science.

Introduced the distinction between natural sciences ('Naturwissenschaften') and human sciences ('Geisteswissenschaften'), affecting the philosophy of science.

Ideas about empiricism and skepticism which influenced later discussions of the scientific method.

Founded sociology and positivism; influenced the scientific view that observations and classifications produce positive knowledge.