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Founder of modern gymnastics, invented the parallel bars, the ring, the balance beam, the horse, and the horizontal bar.

Promoted physical education for women in the 19th century and developed a program of calisthenics exercises.

Developed Swedish gymnastics and founded the Royal Swedish Central Institute of Gymnastics.

The first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States and a supporter of physical education for women.

Advanced the understanding of biomechanics in gymnastics and developed techniques to improve performance.

Opened the first gymnasium in the United States in 1825, introducing Jahn's gymnastics methods.

The 'Father of Space Medicine', he introduced the concept of exercise in space for astronauts' well-being.

Established the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics in Stockholm, which became a model for physical education.

Often considered the 'Grandfather of Gymnastics', he wrote 'Gymnastics for the Youth', outlining gymnastic exercises for boys.

Developed a gymnastics program for schools, emphasizing rhythmic gymnastics and precise movements.

Pioneered gymnastics in France and Spain, establishing a military gymnastics school in Paris.

Promoted gymnastics as a form of physical education in America and developed the New Gymnastics.

Developed the shock method, later known as plyometrics, which is used in gymnastic strength training.

Pioneered methods in Soviet gymnastics, merging military training with athletic conditioning.

Known for his research in archeology and anthropology, indirectly influenced physical education through studies of ancient civilizations.

Pioneered gymnastics for the youth and wrote influential books on exercising, considered one of the grandfathers of modern gymnastics.

An explorer and naturalist who promoted physical fitness through her adventures, not directly involved in gymnastics but inspired fitness.

Introduced physical education into the school curriculum in Germany, emphasizing the importance of physical education.

Developed the Klinger Method, a system of gymnastic training focusing on psychological preparation and technical perfection.