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Doping and Anti-Doping in Sports
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Anabolic Steroids
Increase muscle mass and strength; banned by WADA and most sports organizations.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Enhances oxygen capacity; banned both in and out of competition.
Blood Doping
Increases red blood cell mass; prohibited by most sports organizations.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Increases muscle mass and decrease fat; prohibited by WADA.
Diuretics
Promote urine production, used to hide drug use; banned in competition.
Stimulants
Increase alertness and reduce fatigue; prohibited in competition by most sports.
Beta-Blockers
Reduce anxiety and tremors; banned in sports that require steadiness.
Narcotics
Pain relief that can mask injury; prohibited in competition.
Cannabinoids
Impairs coordination and reaction time; prohibited in competition.
Glucocorticoids
Reduces inflammation and pain; prohibited in-competition.
Alcohol
Impairs coordination and decision-making; banned in specific sports.
Beta2-Agonists
Can improve breathing and have anabolic effects; use restricted by WADA.
Masking Agents
Hides the presence of other drugs; prohibited by anti-doping authorities.
Peptide Hormones
Promotes muscle growth; banned by WADA.
Blood Transfusion
Increases oxygen delivery; prohibited by most sporting bodies.
Genetic Doping
Altering genes to enhance performance; banned by WADA.
Athlete Biological Passport (ABP)
Monitors selected biological variables over time; detects anomalies.
Whereabouts Information
Athletes required to provide location for tests; failure can lead to bans.
Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs)
Permits use of prohibited substances for medical reasons.
Prohibited List
Published by WADA; specifies substances and methods banned in sport.
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