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The trapping of the sun's warmth in the planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.

A natural light display in the Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions, caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere.

Sudden flash of increased brightness on the Sun, usually observed near its surface and in close proximity to a sunspot group. Powerful flares can disrupt Earth's atmosphere in the layer where GPS and communications signals travel.

The radiant energy emitted by the sun from a nuclear fusion reaction that creates electromagnetic energy.

Temporary phenomena on the Sun's photosphere that appear as spots darker than the surrounding areas. They are regions of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection.

A layer in the Earth's stratosphere, which contains a high concentration of ozone ($O_3$), and absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, thus protecting life on Earth.

A form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight and can cause chemical reactions like the formation of vitamin D in humans, but excessive exposure can lead to skin cancer and eye damage.