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Immunology Basics

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Complement System

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Consists of proteins that enhance the abilities of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens.

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Dendritic Cells

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Capture antigens and present them to T cells, acting as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems.

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T Helper Cells (CD4+ T Cells)

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Assist other cells in the immune response by secreting cytokines and providing additional activation signals.

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Spleen

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Filters blood, recycles old red blood cells, and helps mount an immune response to blood-borne pathogens.

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Peyer's Patches

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Specialized lymphoid nodules in the small intestine that detect antigens and generate immune cells.

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MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Molecules

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Display peptide fragments for recognition by T cells, enabling the immune system to detect infected cells.

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Interferons

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Cytokines that interfere with viral replication and activate immune cells.

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Natural Killer (NK) Cells

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Destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells.

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Cytokines

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Proteins secreted by immune cells that act as chemical messengers to guide the immune response.

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Thymus

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Site of T cell maturation and differentiation.

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Regulatory T Cells (Treg)

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Help control the immune response by maintaining tolerance to self-antigens and preventing autoimmune disease.

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Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+ T Cells)

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Kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells by inducing apoptosis.

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Lymphatic System

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Facilitates the movement of immune cells and aids in the removal of foreign materials and waste from the body.

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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

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Protect the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

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T Cells

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Carry out a variety of immune responses, including killing infected cells and activating other immune cells.

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Mast Cells

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Release histamine and other chemicals during inflammatory and allergic reactions.

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Macrophages

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Ingest and digest pathogens and dead or damaged cells through phagocytosis.

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B Cells

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Produce antibodies to neutralize antigens and remember pathogens for faster response upon re-exposure.

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Neutrophils

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Phagocytose pathogens and release enzymes and antimicrobial proteins to kill them.

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Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

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Bind to specific antigens, tagging them for attack by other elements of the immune system.

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