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Science

Quantum Mechanics

Models of the Atom

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Bohr Model

The Bohr Model, proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913, introduces quantized circular orbits for electrons around the nucleus, explaining atomic emission spectra. However, it fails to fully comply with the principles of quantum mechanics and does not explain the behavior of larger atoms with more electrons.

Quantum Field Theory (QFT)

Quantum Field Theory extends quantum mechanics to fields as opposed to particles, allowing for the creation and annihilation of particles. It serves as the foundation for the Standard Model of particle physics and accommodates both quantum mechanics and special relativity.

Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)

Quantum Electrodynamics, part of Quantum Field Theory, deals with the quantum mechanical behavior of electromagnetic fields and their interactions with matter, specifically with charged particles. It is represented by Feynman diagrams and includes the concept of virtual particles.

De Broglie-Bohm Theory

The De Broglie-Bohm Theory, or pilot-wave theory, posits that particles have both wave-like and particle-like properties, with a pilot wave guiding the motion of particles. It is a deterministic hidden-variable theory that stands as an alternative to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Schrödinger Model

Erwin Schrödinger's model treats electrons as wave functions, described by the Schrödinger equation,

\hat{H} \Psi = E \Psi

, where

\hat{H}

is the Hamiltonian operator,

\Psi

is the wave function, and

E

is the energy of the system. It is foundational in quantum mechanics and forms the basis for wave mechanics.

Heisenberg Model

Werner Heisenberg's model is based on matrix mechanics and includes the Heisenberg uncertainty principle articulated as the relation

\Delta x \cdot \Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}

which states that the position

x

and momentum

p

of a particle cannot both be precisely measured at the same time.

Dirac Model

The Dirac Model, formulated by Paul Dirac in 1928, unifies quantum mechanics and special relativity, predicting the existence of antimatter. It is described by the Dirac equation for relativistic electron wave functions.

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