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Quantum Field Theory Basics

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Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)

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The relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics, describing the interactions between charged particles and electromagnetic fields.

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Higgs Boson

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A fundamental particle associated with the Higgs field, responsible for giving mass to other particles via the Higgs mechanism.

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Gauge Invariance

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It's a principle stating that certain physical quantities or observables are not affected by local transformations of certain fields.

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Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)

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The theory of the strong interaction between quarks and gluons, the fundamental particles of the hadron family of particles.

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Feynman Diagrams

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Pictorial representations of the mathematical expressions describing the behavior and interaction of subatomic particles, used extensively in quantum field theory.

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Quantum Field

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A quantum field is an entity in quantum field theory that pervades all of space, and particles are seen as excitations in the field.

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Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

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A process where a symmetric state leads to an asymmetric state under the dynamics of the given quantum field theory, often giving mass to gauge bosons via the Higgs mechanism.

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Path Integral Formulation

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It is a formulation of quantum field theory that generalizes the action principle of classical mechanics. It sums over all possible histories of a system.

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Propagator

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A function or distribution that specifies the probability amplitude for a particle to travel from one point to another in a given time, describing how particles propagate through spacetime.

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Entanglement

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A quantum mechanical phenomenon where the quantum states of two or more objects have to be described with reference to each other, even though the individual objects may be spatially separated.

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Vacuum Expectation Value

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The expected value of a field’s operator in its ground state, crucial for understanding spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism.

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Ward-Takahashi Identity

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A relationship in quantum electrodynamics and other gauge theories that reflects the invariance under local gauge transformations.

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Bosonic Field

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Fields that obey Bose-Einstein statistics, corresponding to particles like photons with integer spin.

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Superposition

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A principle in quantum mechanics where a physical system can exist in multiple states or configurations simultaneously and is described by a linear combination of these states.

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Non-locality

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In quantum physics, this refers to the direct correlation between events happening at different locations without any apparent mediatory signal, which is a consequence of quantum entanglement.

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Renormalization

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A mathematical process to remove infinities from quantum field theories to make physical predictions finite and meaningful.

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Fermionic Field

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It refers to fields that obey Fermi-Dirac statistics and are associated with particles like electrons that have half-integer spin.

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Lagrangian Density

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The Lagrangian density is a function that summarizes the dynamics of a field. The action is obtained by integrating the Lagrangian density over spacetime.

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