Discover published sets by community

Claimed that Jesus Christ's physical body was an illusion and that he did not truly suffer or die. The Church opposed this by affirming the human nature and physical sufferings of Jesus, including his crucifixion and resurrection.

An apocalyptic sect that emphasized prophecy and expected an imminent end of the world. The Church eventually condemned this movement for its continued prophecy and deviation from Church authority.

Was a syncretic religion that combined elements of Christianity with dualistic cosmology, believing in two eternal forces of good and evil. It was rejected by the Church which maintained the belief in one sovereign God and condemned its dualistic views.

Held the belief that salvation was achieved through secret knowledge and that the material world was created by a lesser, ignorant deity. The Church Fathers such as Irenaeus wrote against this, emphasizing salvation through faith in Christ and the goodness of creation.

Proposed a radical distinction between the God of the Old Testament and the God of the New Testament. Marcionites rejected the Old Testament entirely. The Church strongly affirmed the continuity of the Testaments and the consistency of God's nature.

This belief held that Christ had only a single, divine nature, instead of a dual nature both divine and human. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD responded by defining the doctrine of the two natures of Christ, both human and divine.

Espoused that Christ existed as two separate persons – one divine and one human. The Council of Ephesus in 431 AD and the subsequent Council of Chalcedon condemned Nestorianism and affirmed the unity of Christ's person.

Held that Christ had a human body but not a human mind or will; the divine Logos took the place of the human rational soul. This was condemned by the First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD, affirming the full humanity of Christ, including his human mind and will.

Denied the doctrine of original sin and believed that humans could achieve salvation through their own efforts without divine grace. The positions of Augustine of Hippo influenced the Church's response, leading to a condemnation of Pelagianism and the affirmation of the necessity of grace.

Asserted that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit were not distinct persons but merely modes or aspects of the one God. The Church refuted Modalism by insisting on the real and eternal distinction among the three persons of the Trinity.

Believed that Jesus Christ was not co-eternal with the Father and was a subordinate entity. The First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD responded by affirming the Trinity and the co-eternity of the Son with the Father, leading to the Nicene Creed.