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Religious Reform Movements
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Wahhabism
Origins: 18th-century Islamic reform movement in what is now Saudi Arabia. Key figures: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Impact: Established the basis for Saudi Arabia's religious and legal foundations, influential in the modern Islamic world.
Second Great Awakening
Origins: Early 19th century, reaction against skepticism and deism. Key figures: Charles Finney, Lyman Beecher. Impact: Democratized American Christianity, led to the establishment of many social reform movements including abolition and women's rights.
Reform Judaism
Origins: 19th-century Germany as a response to Enlightenment and emancipation. Key figures: Abraham Geiger, Samuel Holdheim. Impact: Modernized Jewish practice, and addressed contemporary issues within the Jewish community.
Hindu Reform Movements
Origins: 19th-century India in response to colonialism and Christian missionary activity. Key figures: Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda. Impact: Revived Hinduism, emphasized spiritual universality, influenced India's independence movement.
Oxford Movement
Origins: 19th-century movement within the Church of England. Key figures: John Henry Newman, John Keble, Edward Pusey. Impact: Revival of Anglo-Catholicism, influenced the liturgy, and affected the development of the Anglican Communion.
Baha'i Faith
Origins: 19th century in Persia, originating from the Bábí Faith. Key figures: Baha'u'llah, The Bab. Impact: Emerged as an independent world religion, emphasized unity of humanity, and contributed profound social teachings.
Great Awakening
Origins: 18th-century religious revival in the American colonies. Key figures: George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards. Impact: Increased number of American evangelical denominations, challenged established religious institutions, contributed to the American Revolution.
Protestant Reformation
Origins: Response to Catholic Church corruption in the 16th century. Key figures: Martin Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli. Impact: Lay the foundation for Protestant denominations, weakened the Catholic Church's power, led to the Thirty Years War.
Pentecostalism
Origins: Early 20th century, with the Azusa Street Revival as a catalyst. Key figures: William J. Seymour. Impact: Growth of charismatic Christian practices, emphasis on spiritual gifts, and significant global expansion.
Counter-Reformation
Origins: 16th-century Catholic Church's reaction to Protestant Reformation. Key figures: Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, Pope Paul III. Impact: Restructured Catholic Church, established new orders like Jesuits, reaffirmed church doctrine and traditions.
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