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Transfer of pollen from male structures to female structures of flowers by insects, critical for fruit set and crop yield, significance in the reproduction of many plant species.

The diverse ecological relationships between plants and insects, important for understanding pest behaviors and developing control strategies, significance in ecosystem functioning and agricultural productivity.

Management and maintenance of bee colonies primarily for pollination and honey production, supports crop pollination and biodiversity, significance as a source of income and environmental service.

Ecosystem-based strategy that combines various practices for sustainable control of pests, reduces the use of pesticides in agriculture, significance in promoting environmental and human health.

Invertebrates living in soil that contribute to nutrient cycling and soil structure, important for soil health in agriculture, significance in sustainability and crop growth.

The evolutionary history and relationships among insect species, important for understanding insect classification and biodiversity, significance in pest identification and management.

Insects that provide helpful services like pollination or pest control, essential for integrated pest management systems, significance in enhancing crop productivity and environmental health.

Crop cultivars bred to be resistant or tolerant to specific pests or diseases, helps in reducing pesticide usage, significance in sustainable crop production and protection.

Chemical messengers that regulate growth, development, and behaviors of insects, manipulation can be used for pest control, significance in the development of eco-friendly pest management strategies.

The fluid equivalent to blood in insects, involved in their immune response and transport of nutrients, significance in the study of insect physiology and pest control strategies.

A growth on plant tissues caused by certain insects as they feed or lay eggs, can lead to reduced plant vigor, significance in understanding host-plant resistance and management.

Insects that can be both pollinators and pests depending on the species, role varies in agriculture, significance due to their impact on crops and as indicators of environmental health.

An order of insects that includes flies, many of which are important pollinators and some as pests, roles in agricultural systems are diverse, significance relates to their impact on crop production.

Developmental process of insects from egg to adult in distinct stages, important in timing of control measures in agriculture, significance as it affects pest and beneficial insect populations.

Adaptation by insect populations that renders them less susceptible to a specific insecticide, challenges pest management practices, significance in requiring new control strategies.

Chemical substance secreted by insects to communicate with others of the same species, used for mating disruption in agriculture, significance lies in pest management strategies.

Behavior where insects take nectar from flowers without pollinating them, can affect plant reproduction negatively, significance in understanding pollinator-plant interactions and crop yields.

Human consumption of insects as food, offers potential as a sustainable protein source in agriculture, significance in addressing global food security.

Insects that transmit pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and fungi from one plant to another, significant in the spread of plant diseases, major concern in crop management and agricultural outputs.

Pest population level at which the cost of damage exceeds the cost of control, important for making pest management decisions in agriculture, significance in avoiding unnecessary pesticide application.

Use of natural predators, parasites, or pathogens to control pests and diseases, reduces reliance on chemical pesticides in agriculture, significance lies in sustainable pest management.

Crops genetically engineered to express certain traits like pest resistance, helps in reducing reliance on chemical inputs, significance in innovative agricultural practices and sustainability.

A close, long-term interaction between two different species, like insects and plants or fungi, affects nutrient cycling and plant health in agriculture, significance in ecological balance and crop productivity.

Chemicals used to kill or control pests, plays a role in protecting crops from damage, significance is due to potential side effects on non-target organisms and environments.