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Silty soil is smooth to the touch and holds more water than sandy soil. It is composed of fine particles and is found near rivers.

Sandy soil has a gritty texture and is formed from weathered rocks like quartz, limestone, and granite. It has low water retention and high drainage.

Clay soil is made of very small, compact particles. It's sticky when wet, making it hard to work with. It holds water and nutrients very well.

Chalky soil is alkaline due to the limestone or chalk from which it's derived. It is generally poor in nutrients and has large grains.

Loamy soil is a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay. It has good structure, drainage, and high fertility, making it ideal for agriculture.

Andosol soil, also known as andisol, is formed from volcanic ash. It has high organic matter content and is very fertile, but may have problems with water retention.

Vertisol soil is rich in clay and swells when wet and shrinks upon drying, leading to deep cracks. It can trap water and may hinder root growth.

Saline soil contains high levels of salts and is often found in areas where evaporation rates exceed precipitation. It can hinder plant growth.

Loess soil is a wind-blown, fine-textured, and highly fertile soil formed from silt-sized particles. It has good water retention and warmth.

Peaty soil is dark and rich in organic matter from partially decomposed plant material. It's an acidic soil, with high water content yet good for plant growth.

Podzol soil is acidic with a bleached upper layer, caused by leaching. It's found in coniferous forest regions and is not very fertile without amendments.

Pumice soil is formed from volcanic pumice material. It is lightweight, has a rough texture, and has excellent drainage properties.

Histosol soil, also known as bog or peat soil, is rich in organic material. It is formed from the accumulation of plant material in wet conditions.

Aridisol soil is typically found in desert regions with little organic matter and high mineral content. It lacks layers due to minimal leaching.