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Symptoms: Dark spots on leaves, fruit rot. Causes: Water mold Phytophthora infestans. Control Measures: Apply fungicides, destroy infected plants, and ensure good drainage.

Symptoms: Decay of root system, wilting, plant collapse. Causes: Various fungi like Fusarium spp, Pythium spp. Control Measures: Well-drained soil, avoid overwatering, use fungicides.

Symptoms: Olive-green to black spots on apple leaves and fruits. Causes: Fungus Venturia inaequalis. Control Measures: Apply fungicides, prune to improve air circulation, plant resistant varieties.

Symptoms: Mosaic patterns on leaves, stunted plants, malformed fruits. Causes: Cucumber mosaic virus, transmitted by aphids. Control Measures: Control aphids, remove weeds, and use virus-free seeds.

Symptoms: Swollen, malformed roots, stunted growth. Causes: Protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. Control Measures: Lime acidic soils, rotate with non-cruciferous crops, sanitation.

Symptoms: Orange-red pustules on wheat leaves and stems. Causes: Puccinia triticina fungus. Control Measures: Fungicides, resistant wheat varieties, eradicate alternate host (barberry).

Symptoms: Wilting, blackened leaves and stems, ooze from infected parts. Causes: Bacterium Erwinia amylovora. Control Measures: Prune infected parts, sterilize tools, chemical sprays.

Symptoms: Wilted foliage, stunted growth, oozing stems. Causes: Bacterial pathogens like Ralstonia solanacearum. Control Measures: Rotate with non-host crops, maintain proper drainage, destroy infected plants.

Symptoms: Dark spots on foliage, leaf drop, fruit rots. Causes: Fungal or bacterial pathogens like Phytophthora, Alternaria. Control Measures: Proper spacing, air circulation, and timely fungicide applications.

Symptoms: Reddish or orange blisters on leaves and stems. Causes: Fungi from the Puccinia genus. Control Measures: Remove infected plants, apply fungicides, and plant resistant varieties.

Symptoms: Yellowish leaf discoloration, stunted growth, reduced tuber size. Causes: Potato virus Y, spread by aphids. Control Measures: Use certified seed potatoes, control aphids, destroy infected plants.

Symptoms: Rust-colored patches on asparagus spears and foliage. Causes: Fungus Puccinia asparagi. Control Measures: Remove affected plant parts, avoid overhead irrigation, apply fungicides.

Symptoms: Ring or line patterns on leaves, reduced vigor. Causes: Various viruses, often spread by insects. Control Measures: Control insect vectors, remove infected foliage, use virus-free planting materials.

Symptoms: Black powdery spores on crops, especially corn. Causes: Fungi, commonly Ustilago maydis. Control Measures: Use resistant varieties, crop rotation, proper sanitation.

Symptoms: Reddish-brown pustules on wheat leaves and stems. Causes: Fungus Puccinia graminis. Control Measures: Resistant wheat varieties, fungicide application, and crop rotation.

Symptoms: Streaks on maize leaves, stunted growth, reduced yields. Causes: Maize streak virus, spread by leafhoppers. Control Measures: Control leafhopper populations, remove infected plants, use resistant varieties.

Symptoms: White powdery spots on leaves and stems. Causes: Fungi, such as Erysiphe or Blumeria species. Control Measures: Apply fungicides, improve air circulation, and reduce humidity.

Symptoms: Yellowing leaves, wilting, plant death. Causes: Soilborne fungi, mainly Verticillium albo-atrum and V. dahliae. Control Measures: Use resistant varieties, proper irrigation, and soil fumigation.

Symptoms: Yellow-orange rust pustules on the undersides of coffee leaf. Causes: Fungus Hemileia vastatrix. Control Measures: Remove infected leaves, use resistant coffee varieties, apply fungicides.

Symptoms: Red puckering and curling of peach leaves. Causes: Fungus Taphrina deformans. Control Measures: Protective fungicide sprays before bud break, prune to improve air circulation, remove affected leaves.

Symptoms: Wilted leaves, uneven fruit ripening, internal discoloration of the stem. Causes: Bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Control Measures: Use clean planting materials, remove and destroy infected plants, crop rotation.

Symptoms: Yellow patches on upper leaf surfaces and white or grayish fluffy growth underside. Causes: Oomycete fungi like Peronospora sp. Control Measures: Efficient drainage, resistant varieties, and fungicide application.

Symptoms: Yellowing and wilting of leaves, stunted growth. Causes: Soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Control Measures: Soil sterilization, use of resistant varieties, crop rotation.

Symptoms: Dark, sunken lesions on fruit, leaves, stems. Causes: Fungi, especially from Genus Colletotrichum. Control Measures: Use disease-free seed, apply fungicides, and encourage good air circulation.

Symptoms: Yellowing leaves, stunted growth, cysts on roots. Causes: Nematode Heterodera glycines. Control Measures: Rotate with non-host crops, resistant soybean varieties, nematode-free seed.

Symptoms: Oval or circular brown spots on rice leaves. Causes: Fungus Helminthosporium oryzae. Control Measures: Apply fungicides, ensure balanced fertilization, use resistant varieties.

Symptoms: Brown rings on fruits, discolored leaves, stunted growth. Causes: Tomato spotted wilt virus, spread by thrips. Control Measures: Control thrips, remove infected plant debris, resistant varieties.

Symptoms: Raised blister-like lesions on leaves, fruit, and stems. Causes: Bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis. Control Measures: Destroy infected trees, use copper-based sprays, quarantine measures.