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Essential Agricultural Terms
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Sustainable Agriculture
Farming practices that balance the need for food production with the preservation of ecological systems.
Agribusiness
A business that earns most or all of its revenues from agriculture.
Commodity
A basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type.
Monoculture
The cultivation of a single crop in a given area.
Agronomy
The science of soil management and crop production.
Crop Rotation
The practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons.
Organic Farming
A method of crop and livestock production that does not use pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics, or growth hormones.
Veterinary Medicine
The branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals.
Intensive Farming
An agricultural production system characterized by the high inputs of labor, fertilizers, capital, and intensity per unit of land area.
Cash Crop
A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
Polyculture
Growing more than one crop species in a given area simultaneously.
Agroforestry
A land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland.
Food Security
The state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.
Fertilizer
A chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with carbon dioxide and water.
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
An organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques.
Food Sovereignty
The right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods.
Extensive Farming
An agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed.
Value-Added Agriculture
The process of increasing the economic value and consumer appeal of an agricultural product.
Hydroponics
A method of growing plants without soil by suspending roots in a liquid nutrient solution.
Pesticide
Any substance used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plant or animal life that are considered to be pests.
Yield
The quantity of a crop produced on a given amount of land.
No-Till Farming
An agricultural technique for growing crops or pasture without disturbing the soil through tillage.
Terracing
A type of land sculpturing that consists of creating almost level areas in a hilly or mountainous landscape in order to farm more effectively.
Precision Agriculture
A farming management concept based on observing, measuring, and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops.
Subsistence Farming
Agriculture practiced by farmers who grow food crops to feed themselves and their families.
Aquaculture
The breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, algae, and other organisms in all types of water environments.
Green Revolution
A large increase in crop production achieved in the 20th century due to the adoption of advanced technologies, including high-yield varieties, irrigation, and synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.
Heirloom Variety
A cultivar that was commonly grown during earlier periods in human history, but which is not used in modern large-scale agriculture.
Pasture
Land covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing animals, especially cattle or sheep.
Pathogen
A bacterium, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease.
Urban Agriculture
The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city.
Irrigation
The artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops.
Soil Erosion
The wearing away of the topsoil layer by wind or water.
Biotechnology
The exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.
Permaculture
The development of agricultural ecosystems intended to be sustainable and self-sufficient.
Zoonosis
A disease that can be transmitted to humans from animals.
Market Gardening
The small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants.
Silviculture
The practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values.
Zone Tillage
A tillage method that targets specific soil zones for cultivation and seeding, leaving the remainder undisturbed.
Weed
Any wild plant that grows in an undesired place, especially in competition with cultivated plants.
Vermicomposting
The process of composting using various worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast.
Youth in Agriculture
Initiatives and programs to engage young people in farming and related activities, with the aim of sustaining the agricultural labor force and innovation in farming.
Xeriscaping
Landscaping and gardening that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental water from irrigation.
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