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pH measures the acidity/alkalinity of water, critical for digestive functions and metabolic processes.

TDS indicates the concentration of dissolved minerals which can affect palatability and health.

Hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium, and high levels can affect animal health and equipment.

Nitrate levels should be low as high concentrations can cause oxygen depletion in blood, leading to death.

High levels of sulfate can lead to laxative effects and reduced copper absorption.

Presence of pathogens can spread disease, affect growth, reproduction, and milk production.

Chloride is an essential electrolyte but in excess can lead to toxicity.

Heavy metals can be toxic, leading to health issues and accumulation in the food chain.

EC is an indirect measure of dissolved salts, indicating possible stress to animals.

High BOD indicates organic matter pollution, which can decrease oxygen levels affecting animal health.

Oxygen levels in water are vital for the health of aquatic livestock like fish.

Alkalinity, mainly composed of carbonates, buffers pH changes and maintains stable water quality.

At high levels, ammonia is toxic to aquatic animals and can interfere with animal performance.

Fluoride at high concentrations can lead to dental and skeletal issues in livestock.