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Hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium, and high levels can affect animal health and equipment.

Heavy metals can be toxic, leading to health issues and accumulation in the food chain.

High BOD indicates organic matter pollution, which can decrease oxygen levels affecting animal health.

At high levels, ammonia is toxic to aquatic animals and can interfere with animal performance.

TDS indicates the concentration of dissolved minerals which can affect palatability and health.

Presence of pathogens can spread disease, affect growth, reproduction, and milk production.

Algal blooms can produce toxins harmful to livestock and must be closely monitored.

High levels of sulfate can lead to laxative effects and reduced copper absorption.

pH measures the acidity/alkalinity of water, critical for digestive functions and metabolic processes.

Oxygen levels in water are vital for the health of aquatic livestock like fish.

Alkalinity, mainly composed of carbonates, buffers pH changes and maintains stable water quality.

Nitrate levels should be low as high concentrations can cause oxygen depletion in blood, leading to death.

EC is an indirect measure of dissolved salts, indicating possible stress to animals.

Chloride is an essential electrolyte but in excess can lead to toxicity.