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Symptoms: Watery lesions on blossoms, cankers on branches, 'shepherd's crook' twigs. Affected Crops: Apples, pears, some other Rosaceae family members. Treatment: Pruning infected branches, copper bactericides, resistant varieties.

Symptoms: Olive-green to black spots on apple leaves and fruits. Affected Crops: Apples, pears. Treatment: Fungicides, resistant cultivars, eliminate leaf debris.

Symptoms: V-shaped yellowing and browning of leaf margins, wilted foliage. Affected Crops: Eggplants, potatoes, strawberries. Treatment: Crop rotation, solarization, resistant varieties.

Symptoms: Sudden wilt of plants, yellowing of leaves, oozing from cut stems. Affected Crops: Cucurbits, tomatoes, eggplants. Treatment: Crop rotation, resistant varieties, sanitation.

Symptoms: Swellings or galls on roots, stunted growth, yellowing of leaves. Affected Crops: Cabbage, broccoli, radishes. Treatment: Liming the soil to raise pH, resistant varieties, good sanitation.

Symptoms: Yellowing and wilting of leaves, often starting with lower foliage. Affected Crops: Tomatoes, bananas, melons. Treatment: Soil fumigation, resistant varieties, and good sanitation practices.

Symptoms: Yellow spots on upper leaf surfaces, purplish spores on lower surfaces. Affected Crops: Grapes, lettuce, cucumbers. Treatment: Fungicides, resistant varieties, optimized water management.

Symptoms: Black, soot-like fungal growth on leaves and stems. Affected Crops: Many, but often seen on plants with aphid problems. Treatment: Control of sap-sucking insects, fungicides, washing off the mold.

Symptoms: Grayish-brown fuzzy fungal growth on dying or dead plant tissue. Affected Crops: Strawberries, grapes, tomatoes. Treatment: Improved air circulation, fungicides, humidity control.

Symptoms: Pustules of orange, yellow, or brown fungal spores on leaves. Affected Crops: Corn, wheat, soybeans. Treatment: Use of resistant varieties, fungicides, and crop rotation.

Symptoms: Large, swollen, gray galls on corn ears and other plant parts. Affected Crops: Corn. Treatment: Crop rotation, destroy infected plants, plant resistant varieties.

Symptoms: White, powdery fungal spots on leaves and stems. Affected Crops: Grapes, cucurbits, roses. Treatment: Application of sulfur-based or systemic fungicides.

Symptoms: Curling and distortion of leaves, red discoloration, and thickening of tissues. Affected Crops: Peach, nectarine. Treatment: Fungicidal sprays in late winter, removal of affected leaves, resistant varieties.

Symptoms: Dark, sunken lesions on fruits, leaves, and stems. Affected Crops: Mangoes, avocados, beans. Treatment: Fungicides, pruning infected areas, crop sanitation.

Symptoms: Raised, corky lesions on leaves, stems, and fruits. Affected Crops: Citrus trees. Treatment: Copper-based bactericides, tree removal, windbreaks to prevent spread.

Symptoms: Rough, corky patches on potato tubers. Affected Crops: Potatoes. Treatment: Use of disease-free seed potatoes, maintain soil pH below 5.2, crop rotation.

Symptoms: Small, dark brown spots with yellow halos on leaves and fruits. Affected Crops: Tomato, pepper. Treatment: Copper bactericides, resistant strains, avoid overhead watering.

Symptoms: Dark, water-soaked lesions on leaves; white fungal growth under humid conditions. Affected Crops: Tomato, potato. Treatment: Apply copper-based fungicides, practice crop rotation.

Symptoms: Rot at the base of the stem, white fungal growth and sclerotia on the soil surface. Affected Crops: Peanuts, beans, tomatoes. Treatment: Deep plowing, fungicides, solarization.