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Organic matter improves soil structure, water holding capacity, and nutrient supply. It can be improved by adding compost, manure, or green manure crops.

Calcium is important for cell wall structure and growth. Amendments like gypsum and lime can supply calcium while also helping to manage soil pH.

Soil texture affects water drainage and nutrient retention. It is determined by the proportions of sand, silt, and clay. Amendments like gypsum can improve heavy clay soils.

Phosphorus is important for energy transfer and root development. Solubility issues can be managed with proper pH adjustment and use of rock phosphate or bone meal.

Soil microbes facilitate nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Enhancements include avoiding excessive tillage, providing organic matter, and proper fertilization.

EC measures soil salinity, which can affect plant growth. Mitigation strategies include leaching with clean water and avoiding excessive fertilizer use.

Soil pH affects nutrient availability and microbial activity. It can be managed by adding lime to increase pH or sulfur to decrease pH.

The soil's ability to retain moisture impacts drought resistance. Organic matter and proper soil structure support greater water holding capacity.

CEC is a measure of the soil's ability to hold and exchange cations (positively charged ions). Improving organic matter and using clay amendments can enhance CEC.

Magnesium is a component of chlorophyll and is essential for photosynthesis. It can be supplemented with dolomitic lime or Epsom salts.

Soil bulk density influences root growth and water infiltration. Practices like reducing compaction and using organic amendments can help lower bulk density.

The arrangement of soil particles into aggregates affects root penetration and air/water movement. Management includes minimal tillage, cover cropping, and organic amendments.

Potassium is crucial for plant water use and stress tolerance. Soil levels can be improved with potash fertilizers or greensand.

Trace elements like zinc, copper, and boron are essential in small quantities. Foliar sprays and soil amendments can correct deficiencies.