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Method: Use of double-stranded RNA molecules to interfere with gene expression. Application: Development of crops with silenced genes resulting in traits like pest resistance or delayed fruit ripening.

Method: Inducing polyploidy in plants to increase cell size and potentially improve characteristics. Application: Develops crop varieties with enhanced size, yield, and stress resistance.

Method: Growing plants from small tissue pieces in a nutrient culture medium under sterile conditions. Application: Mass production of disease-free, uniform plant material and preservation of germplasm.

Method: Utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 to make precise edits to the genome. Application: Introduce beneficial traits or knock out undesirable ones in crop species without introducing foreign DNA.

Method: Accelerating plant growth rates and breeding cycles using extended photoperiods and controlled environment. Application: Rapid generation of improved crop varieties and reduction of the breeding cycle time.

Method: The use of chemicals or radiation to induce mutations and create genetic variability. Application: Production of better crop varieties with new mutations that confer desirable characteristics.

Method: Breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. Application: Enhances levels of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids in crops to improve human nutrition.

Method: Identification of genes linked to desirable traits using molecular markers. Application: Speeds up the selection of plants with the desired traits, increasing efficiency in breeding.

Method: Direct modification of an organism's DNA using biotechnology. Application: Transgenic crops with improved traits, such as resistance to pests or tolerance to herbicides.

Method: Joining the tissues of two plants so they grow as a single plant. Application: Combines the desirable rootstock traits with those of the scion, like disease resistance with fruit quality.

Method: In vitro culture of embryos from crosses that may abort naturally. Application: Overcomes barriers in breeding between different species or varieties.