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Explanation: Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade, such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. Significance: Trade barriers can distort global agriculture markets by affecting competitive advantage, limiting market access for farmers, and potentially leading to trade disputes and retaliatory measures, which in turn impact agricultural economics.

Explanation: Subsidies are financial supports provided by governments to farmers which can artificially lower production costs. Significance: By altering the true cost of agricultural production, subsidies can create unfair competition in international markets, influence crop choice and land use decisions, and can lead to overproduction or trade disputes.

Explanation: The demand for biofuels has led to the diversion of crops like corn and sugarcane away from food markets towards energy production. Significance: This increases competition for land and water resources, drives up food prices, and has implications for trade balances in agricultural commodities, playing a significant role in international crop trade.

Explanation: Exchange rate fluctuations can impact the competitiveness of agricultural exports and imports by making products more or less expensive on the international market. Significance: Exchange rate movements can thereby influence trade flows, affect farmers' incomes, and shift global agricultural market dynamics.

Explanation: Food miles refer to the distance food items travel from the point of production to the point of consumption. It has become an ecological consideration. Significance: Food miles can impact global agriculture by influencing consumer choices, affecting transportation costs, and contributing to a product's carbon footprint, thus tactfully shaping international crop trade policies and practices.

Explanation: Phyto-Sanitary Measures are regulations imposed by governments to protect human, animal, and plant life from pests and diseases through control on the import and export of agricultural products. Significance: These measures can impact global agriculture by affecting trade flows, pricing, and could be perceived as trade barriers if disproportionately applied.

Explanation: Global commodity chains refer to the network of production, distribution, and consumption interactions that originate from the worldwide sourcing of agricultural products. Significance: Understanding the structure and dynamics of commodity chains is critical to analyzing global agricultural trade, as it can reveal inequalities, power dynamics, and opportunities for development in global agriculture.

Explanation: Comparative advantage is the economic theory that countries should specialize in producing goods where they have a lower opportunity cost and trade for others. It underpins global agriculture as countries cultivate crops that are suited to their particular climate and resources, thus resulting in more efficient production. Significance: It leads to a more efficient allocation of resources, increased total production, and potential gains from trade for all involved countries.

Explanation: International food standards are guidelines and regulations for food safety and quality that facilitate international trade by ensuring products meet certain criteria. Significance: They harmonize food safety measures, protect public health, and reduce trade barriers, thus playing a crucial role in the smooth exchange of agricultural goods across borders.