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Characteristics: Dark, fertile, rich in organic matter. Best crops: Maize, wheat, soybeans.

Characteristics: Deep, red, well-drained soils with a clay-rich subsoil. Best crops: Coffee, tea, sugarcane.

Characteristics: Young soils with some development of horizons. Best crops: General agriculture, depending on local conditions.

Characteristics: Contains plinthite, can harden upon exposure. Best crops: Some forestry, limited agriculture with improved practices.

Characteristics: High in exchangeable sodium, poor structure. Best crops: Grasses, salt-tolerant crops with soil amendments.

Characteristics: Organic, peaty soil, often waterlogged. Best crops: Cranberries, rice, certain reeds and grasses.

Characteristics: Developed from volcanic materials, dark and fertile. Best crops: Vegetables, tea, coffee.

Characteristics: Highly weathered, rich in iron and aluminium oxides. Best crops: Rubber, oil palm, tropical tree fruits.

Characteristics: Acidic, low base saturation. Best crops: Cassava, some tree crops, with proper management.

Characteristics: High clay content, significant shrinking and swelling. Best crops: Rice, cotton, sorghum.

Characteristics: Heavy clay in subsoil, poor drainage. Best crops: Specific grasses, sometimes rice in controlled conditions.

Characteristics: Waterlogged, gleyed layers near the surface. Best crops: Rice, taro, aquatic vegetables.

Characteristics: High base saturation, eluvial horizon. Best crops: A variety of crops including grains, root crops and fruit trees.

Characteristics: Acidic soil with a bleached upper layer. Best crops: Forestry, blueberries, potatoes with proper management.

Characteristics: Sandy soils, low water and nutrient retention. Best crops: Peanuts, watermelons, root crops that tolerate dry conditions.

Characteristics: Acidic, high in aluminium, low in phosphorus. Best crops: Acid-loving crops, with amendments for phosphorus.

Characteristics: Shallow, often stony, limited water holding capacity. Best crops: Mountain vineyards, certain hardy shrubs, limited grazing.

Characteristics: Black soil rich in humus, fertile. Best crops: Wheat, sunflower, beetroot.

Characteristics: Contains duripan, hard layer, poor soil depth. Best crops: Drought-resistant native shrubs, limited agriculture.