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Reduces crop yields due to water stress, may lead to soil degradation. Coping strategies include drip irrigation, drought-resistant crops, and water harvesting techniques.

Can cause flooding and waterlogging of soils, benefitting rice cultivation. Coping strategies include improved drainage, construction of dykes, and timing of planting cycles.

Can cause destruction of crops and infrastructure. Coping strategies include early warning systems, wind-resistant structures, and crop insurance.

Alters precipitation patterns, often causing drought in some areas and floods in others. Coping strategies include weather forecasting, crop diversification, and soil moisture conservation.

Typically brings wetter conditions and may increase crop disease pressure. Coping strategies include disease-resistant crops, effective drainage, and pest management programs.

Results in crop destruction, soil erosion, and salinization. Coping strategies include robust building codes, salt-tolerant crops, and post-disaster assistance.

Leads to heat stress on plants and livestock, potentially decreasing yields. Coping strategies include shading systems, timed irrigation, and heat-tolerant breeds/varieties.

Can damage tropical crops sensitive to frost. Coping strategies include the use of greenhouses, wind breaks, and planting at lower frost risk elevations.

Reduces sunlight and can delay plant growth. Coping strategies include the use of shade-tolerant varieties and supplemental lighting in greenhouses.

Can cause erosion and nutrient leaching. Coping strategies include contour farming, mulching, and the use of cover crops.

Can increase disease and pest pressure. Coping strategies include well-timed agrochemical applications, improved ventilation in crop plots, and disease-resistant varieties.

Increases water demand and stress on water resources. Coping strategies include water conservation techniques, efficient water management, and adoption of xerophytic plants.

Creates uncertainty and can disrupt production cycles. Coping strategies include diversified farming systems, access to climate information services, and flexible sowing dates.

Leads to altered precipitation patterns and increased temperatures, affecting production. Coping strategies include adaptive breeding, agroforestry, and sustainable land management practices.

Can physically damage crops and reduce yields. Coping strategies include protective netting, insurance policies, and emergency response plans.

Predisposes crops to fungal diseases and can affect pollination. Coping strategies include improved air circulation in plantations, use of anti-fungal treatments, and selecting less sensitive varieties.

Can cause physical damage to crops and increase evapotranspiration. Coping strategies include windbreaks, lower-profile crops, and anchoring of soil with ground cover.

Limits photosynthesis and visibility, affecting crop care. Coping strategies include choosing less fog-prone areas for sensitive crops and adjusting work schedules to clearer times.

Results in crop burial and contamination, as well as disruption to livestock. Coping strategies include ash removal systems, protective coverings, and livestock evacuation plans.