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Characteristics include idealized natural scenes, serene and harmonious composition. Notable examples: Claude Lorrain's 'Pastoral Landscape', Nicolas Poussin's 'Landscape with Orpheus and Eurydice'.

Characteristics include emphasis on emotion and imagination, sublime and dramatic scenes. Notable examples: Caspar David Friedrich's 'Wanderer above the Sea of Fog', J.M.W. Turner's 'The Fighting Temeraire'.

Characteristics include detailed and realistic American landscapes, celebration of nature. Notable examples: Thomas Cole's 'The Oxbow', Frederic Edwin Church's 'Niagara'.

Characteristics include visible brushstrokes, light's changing qualities, and ordinary subject matter. Notable examples: Claude Monet's 'Impression, Sunrise', Camille Pissarro's 'Boulevard Montmartre'.

Characteristics include a more systematic approach to form and light, vivid colors, and expressive brushwork. Notable examples: Vincent van Gogh's 'Starry Night', Paul Cézanne's 'Mont Sainte-Victoire'.

Characteristics include realistic and unidealized portrayal of nature, open-air painting, and muted tones. Notable examples: Jean-François Millet's 'The Gleaners', Camille Corot's 'Forest of Fontainebleau'.

Characteristics include a focus on the effects of light on landscapes, tranquil and idealized scenes, and smooth brushwork. Notable examples: John Frederick Kensett's 'Mount Washington', Fitz Henry Lane's 'Brace's Rock, Eastern Point, Gloucester'.

Characteristics include a focus on mood and atmosphere, use of a limited color palette with often muted hues, and a soft, diffused effect. Notable examples: James McNeill Whistler's 'Nocturne in Black and Gold', George Inness's 'The Home of the Heron'.

Characteristics include experimentation with form and technique, abstraction, and new perspectives on the landscape. Notable examples: Georgia O'Keeffe's 'Red Hills and Bones', Marsden Hartley's 'Mount Katahdin, Autumn #2'.

Characteristics include dream-like scenes and juxtaposition of unexpected elements, representing the unconscious mind. Notable examples: Salvador Dalí's 'The Persistence of Memory', René Magritte's 'The Human Condition'.

Characteristics include an emphasis on spontaneous, automatic, or subconscious creation, large-scale works, and bold gestures. Notable examples: Jackson Pollock's 'Autumn Rhythm', Willem de Kooning's 'Excavation'.

Characteristics include simplified compositions, use of geometric forms, and a focus on the physical properties of materials. Notable examples: Donald Judd's 'Untitled', Dan Flavin's 'Monument' for V. Tatlin.

Characteristics include extremely realistic and detailed depictions of landscapes that appear almost photographic. Notable examples: Richard Estes's 'Diners', Chuck Close's 'Big Self Portrait'.

Characteristics include intense colors, emotive subject matter, and raw, dynamic application of paint. Notable examples: Anselm Kiefer's 'Nigredo', Julian Schnabel's 'The Walk Home'.

Characteristics include the use of natural landscape as an art medium, often large-scale and outdoor works, and an ephemeral nature. Notable examples: Robert Smithson's 'Spiral Jetty', Michael Heizer's 'Double Negative'.

Characteristics include a return to the grandeur and emotion of Romantic landscape painting, expressive and symbolic use of nature. Notable examples: Graham Sutherland's 'Pembrokeshire Landscape', Paul Nash's 'Landscape of the Vernal Equinox'.

Characteristics include great attention to detail and a focus on the natural world, blending the spiritual and the earthly. Notable examples: Albrecht Dürer's 'Young Hare', Pieter Bruegel the Elder's 'Hunters in the Snow'.

Characteristics include use of intense, unmodulated color, bold pattern, and simplified forms. Notable examples: Henri Matisse's 'Green Stripe', André Derain's 'Charing Cross Bridge'.

Characteristics include fragmented and geometric reconstruction of the subject, multiple viewpoints, and the use of collage. Notable examples: Pablo Picasso's 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon', Georges Braque's 'Houses at L’Estaque'.

Characteristics include distortion of form and use of vivid colors to express the artist's inner feelings or ideas. Notable examples: Edvard Munch's 'The Scream', Wassily Kandinsky's 'Composition VII'.

Characteristics include the use of imagery from popular and mass culture, like advertising and comics, and often employs bright colors and recognizable icons. Notable examples: Andy Warhol's 'Marilyn Diptych', Roy Lichtenstein's 'Whaam!'.

Characteristics include an emphasis on materials and construction, geometric forms, and an often-utilitarian approach. Notable examples: Vladimir Tatlin's 'Monument to the Third International', El Lissitzky's 'Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge'.

Characteristics include a reduction to the essentials of form and color, the use of horizontal and vertical lines, and primary colors. Notable examples: Piet Mondrian's 'Composition with Red Blue and Yellow', Theo van Doesburg's 'Rhythm of a Russian Dance'.

Characteristics include the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation. Notable examples: Gustave Courbet's 'The Stone Breakers', Jean-François Millet's 'The Angelus'.