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Characteristics include a reduction to the essentials of form and color, the use of horizontal and vertical lines, and primary colors. Notable examples: Piet Mondrian's 'Composition with Red Blue and Yellow', Theo van Doesburg's 'Rhythm of a Russian Dance'.

Characteristics include a focus on mood and atmosphere, use of a limited color palette with often muted hues, and a soft, diffused effect. Notable examples: James McNeill Whistler's 'Nocturne in Black and Gold', George Inness's 'The Home of the Heron'.

Characteristics include realistic and unidealized portrayal of nature, open-air painting, and muted tones. Notable examples: Jean-François Millet's 'The Gleaners', Camille Corot's 'Forest of Fontainebleau'.

Characteristics include use of intense, unmodulated color, bold pattern, and simplified forms. Notable examples: Henri Matisse's 'Green Stripe', André Derain's 'Charing Cross Bridge'.

Characteristics include an emphasis on materials and construction, geometric forms, and an often-utilitarian approach. Notable examples: Vladimir Tatlin's 'Monument to the Third International', El Lissitzky's 'Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge'.

Characteristics include a more systematic approach to form and light, vivid colors, and expressive brushwork. Notable examples: Vincent van Gogh's 'Starry Night', Paul Cézanne's 'Mont Sainte-Victoire'.

Characteristics include a return to the grandeur and emotion of Romantic landscape painting, expressive and symbolic use of nature. Notable examples: Graham Sutherland's 'Pembrokeshire Landscape', Paul Nash's 'Landscape of the Vernal Equinox'.

Characteristics include emphasis on emotion and imagination, sublime and dramatic scenes. Notable examples: Caspar David Friedrich's 'Wanderer above the Sea of Fog', J.M.W. Turner's 'The Fighting Temeraire'.

Characteristics include detailed and realistic American landscapes, celebration of nature. Notable examples: Thomas Cole's 'The Oxbow', Frederic Edwin Church's 'Niagara'.

Characteristics include extremely realistic and detailed depictions of landscapes that appear almost photographic. Notable examples: Richard Estes's 'Diners', Chuck Close's 'Big Self Portrait'.

Characteristics include dream-like scenes and juxtaposition of unexpected elements, representing the unconscious mind. Notable examples: Salvador Dalí's 'The Persistence of Memory', René Magritte's 'The Human Condition'.

Characteristics include simplified compositions, use of geometric forms, and a focus on the physical properties of materials. Notable examples: Donald Judd's 'Untitled', Dan Flavin's 'Monument' for V. Tatlin.

Characteristics include distortion of form and use of vivid colors to express the artist's inner feelings or ideas. Notable examples: Edvard Munch's 'The Scream', Wassily Kandinsky's 'Composition VII'.

Characteristics include a focus on the effects of light on landscapes, tranquil and idealized scenes, and smooth brushwork. Notable examples: John Frederick Kensett's 'Mount Washington', Fitz Henry Lane's 'Brace's Rock, Eastern Point, Gloucester'.

Characteristics include an emphasis on spontaneous, automatic, or subconscious creation, large-scale works, and bold gestures. Notable examples: Jackson Pollock's 'Autumn Rhythm', Willem de Kooning's 'Excavation'.

Characteristics include intense colors, emotive subject matter, and raw, dynamic application of paint. Notable examples: Anselm Kiefer's 'Nigredo', Julian Schnabel's 'The Walk Home'.

Characteristics include the use of natural landscape as an art medium, often large-scale and outdoor works, and an ephemeral nature. Notable examples: Robert Smithson's 'Spiral Jetty', Michael Heizer's 'Double Negative'.

Characteristics include visible brushstrokes, light's changing qualities, and ordinary subject matter. Notable examples: Claude Monet's 'Impression, Sunrise', Camille Pissarro's 'Boulevard Montmartre'.

Characteristics include experimentation with form and technique, abstraction, and new perspectives on the landscape. Notable examples: Georgia O'Keeffe's 'Red Hills and Bones', Marsden Hartley's 'Mount Katahdin, Autumn #2'.

Characteristics include the use of imagery from popular and mass culture, like advertising and comics, and often employs bright colors and recognizable icons. Notable examples: Andy Warhol's 'Marilyn Diptych', Roy Lichtenstein's 'Whaam!'.

Characteristics include idealized natural scenes, serene and harmonious composition. Notable examples: Claude Lorrain's 'Pastoral Landscape', Nicolas Poussin's 'Landscape with Orpheus and Eurydice'.

Characteristics include great attention to detail and a focus on the natural world, blending the spiritual and the earthly. Notable examples: Albrecht Dürer's 'Young Hare', Pieter Bruegel the Elder's 'Hunters in the Snow'.

Characteristics include fragmented and geometric reconstruction of the subject, multiple viewpoints, and the use of collage. Notable examples: Pablo Picasso's 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon', Georges Braque's 'Houses at L’Estaque'.

Characteristics include clean lines, geometric form, a smooth finish, and a focus on the modern landscape of factories and urban settings. Notable examples: Charles Sheeler's 'American Landscape', Charles Demuth's 'I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold'.