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Manned Lunar Missions
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Apollo 14
Year: 1971, Main Objectives: Continued exploration of the lunar surface, collection of samples, and further scientific experiments, Outcomes: First use of modular equipment transporter (MET); successful mission despite two aborted landing attempts.
Luna 16
Year: 1970, Main Objectives: Achieve unmanned lunar sample return, Outcomes: First successful robotic sample return mission from the Moon.
Apollo 15
Year: 1971, Main Objectives: Conduct longer and more in-depth geological observations and experiments, Outcomes: First use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), expanded extravehicular activity (EVA) durations.
Apollo 17
Year: 1972, Main Objectives: Extend scientific lunar exploration, Outcomes: Last manned moon landing, first professional geologist on the Moon, returned a then-record amount of lunar samples.
Chang'e 5
Year: 2020, Main Objectives: Unmanned lunar sample return, Outcomes: Successfully collected and returned 1.731 kilograms of lunar samples, advancing China's lunar exploration capabilities.
Luna 2
Year: 1959, Main Objectives: Reach the surface of the Moon, Outcomes: First human-made object to reach the Moon; confirmed there was no detectable magnetic field.
Apollo 12
Year: 1969, Main Objectives: Detailed lunar surface exploration and deployment of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package, Outcomes: Successful precision landing on the moon's Ocean of Storms, extensive geological survey.
Apollo 16
Year: 1972, Main Objectives: Explore the Moon's Descartes Highlands, Outcomes: Sample collection and exploration conducted with Lunar Roving Vehicle; identified the lunar highlands' origin.
Apollo 11
Year: 1969, Main Objectives: Perform a manned lunar landing and return to Earth, Outcomes: First successful manned lunar landing, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the moon.
Apollo 13
Year: 1970, Main Objectives: Explore the Fra Mauro formation, Outcomes: Mission aborted due to an oxygen tank explosion; successful return of crew in a life-threatening situation.
Soyuz T-15
Year: 1986, Main Objectives: Transport crew to the Mir space station and the Salyut 7 space station, Outcomes: First spaceflight to visit and dock with two separate space stations.
Artemis I
Year: 2021, Main Objectives: Uncrewed test flight for the Artemis program, to orbit the Moon and return to Earth, Outcomes: Data collection for human-rated lunar exploration systems; successful demonstration of the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System (SLS).
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