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National Aeronautics and Space Administration - The United States government agency responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research.

Hubble Space Telescope - A space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.

Low Earth Orbit - A circular or elliptical orbit around Earth with an altitude between 160 kilometers (99 miles) and 2,000 kilometers (1,242 miles) above the Earth's surface.

Geostationary Transfer Orbit - An elliptical orbit used to transfer a spacecraft from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit.

Near-Earth Object - An asteroid or comet with an orbit that brings it into or through a zone between approximately 30 million miles (50 million kilometers) and about 121 million miles (195 million kilometers) from the Sun, meaning that it can pass close to Earth.

Committee on Space Research - An international organization founded in 1958 that provides a forum for scientists to discuss issues related to space.

Extravehicular Activity - Any activity done by an astronaut outside of a spacecraft beyond the Earth's appreciable atmosphere.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory - A federally funded research and development center and NASA field center in Pasadena, California, United States.

National Reconnaissance Office - A member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development, launch, and operation of reconnaissance satellites.

Vehicle Assembly Building - A large building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center designed to assemble large space vehicles, such as the Space Shuttle and Saturn V.

International Space Station - A habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit.

Lagrangian Point 1 - One of the five positions in an orbital configuration where a small object affected by gravity can theoretically be stationary relative to two larger objects, such as a satellite in relation to Earth and the Sun.

European Space Agency - An intergovernmental organization dedicated to the exploration of space, with 22 member states.

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory - A spacecraft built by a European industrial consortium that is operated by ESA and NASA.

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter - A NASA robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon in an eccentric polar mapping orbit.

Geostationary Earth Orbit - A circular orbit approximately 35,786 kilometers (22,236 miles) above Earth's equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation.

Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite - A NASA space telescope designed to search for exoplanets using the transit method in an area 400 times larger than that covered by the Kepler mission.

International Traffic in Arms Regulations - U.S. regulations that control the export and import of defense-related articles and services on the United States Munitions List, which includes space-related technology.

Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer - A NASA asteroid-study and sample-return mission that targets the carbonaceous near-Earth asteroid Bennu to bring a small sample back to Earth for study.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio - A measure used in science and engineering to quantify how much a signal has been corrupted by noise. It is used in astronomical observations to indicate the quality of data collected.

Deep Space Network - An international array of giant radio antennas that supports interplanetary spacecraft missions, plus a few that orbit Earth, providing communication, tracking, and science services.

Commercial Crew Program - A partnership between NASA and private industry with the purpose of developing a new generation of space transportation systems capable of transporting humans to low Earth orbit and the International Space Station.

Kennedy Space Center - NASA's primary launch center of human spaceflight where numerous space exploration missions have been and continue to be launched.

Space Launch System - An American Space Shuttle-derived super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle designed to be used in NASA's deep space exploration efforts.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter - A multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit.

Big Falcon Rocket (referred to as Starship in its latest iteration) - A fully reusable launch system and spacecraft currently in development by SpaceX, designed to support all types of missions from satellite launches to crewed Mars missions.

Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun - A pair of NASA spacecraft that study the Moon's interaction with the Sun, originally part of the THEMIS mission.

Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite - A NASA mission that found water in the Cabeus crater at the Moon’s south pole.