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Astronomical Discoveries Timeline
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2001
Discovery of the first atmosphere on an exoplanet (HD 209458 b).
1675
Ole Rømer's determination of the speed of light using observations of Jupiter's moons.
1930
Discovery of Pluto by Clyde Tombaugh, now classified as a dwarf planet.
c. 240 B.C.
The measurement of the Earth's circumference by Eratosthenes.
1846
The prediction and subsequent discovery of Neptune by Johann Galle, based on mathematical calculations by Urbain Le Verrier and John Couch Adams.
1781
Discovery of Uranus by William Herschel, the first new planet discovered since ancient times.
2012
The discovery of the Higgs boson, validating the final undiscovered part of the Standard Model of particle physics.
2020
Discovery of a network of salty subglacial lakes on Mars by the Mars Express orbiter.
1609
Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion, defining the elliptical orbits of planets.
1929
Edwin Hubble's observation of the expanding universe, leading to the formulation of Hubble's Law.
2014
The detection of the first gravitational waves, confirming a prediction of Einstein's general theory of relativity.
2019
The first image of a black hole's event horizon in the galaxy M87 by the Event Horizon Telescope.
1998
Evidence for the accelerating expansion of the universe from observations of Type Ia supernovae.
2003
Discovery of Sedna, a dwarf planet in the outer reaches of the Solar System.
2005
Identification of Eris, a dwarf planet larger than Pluto, leading to questions about the definition of a planet.
2016
The discovery of Proxima Centauri b, an exoplanet in the habitable zone of the closest star to the Sun, Proxima Centauri.
2021
The detection of phosphine in Venus' atmosphere by researchers using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and ALMA.
1992
The discovery of the first planets beyond our solar system (exoplanets) around the pulsar PSR B1257+12.
2008
Direct imaging of an exoplanetary system around the star Fomalhaut.
2017
Observation of the merging of neutron stars via both gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves (a multi-messenger observation).
1964
Discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, providing evidence for the Big Bang Theory.
1967
Discovery of the first pulsar (PSR B1919+21) by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish.
1977
Discovery of the rings of Uranus, about six years before the Voyager 2 spacecraft flyby.
1995
Discovery of 51 Pegasi b, the first exoplanet orbiting a sun-like star.
2015
NASA’s New Horizons mission performs the first flyby of Pluto, providing high-resolution images and data.
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