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Interstellar Medium and Phenomena

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Radio Galaxies

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Radio galaxies emit intense radio waves, often originating from jets of particles accelerated near supermassive black holes at their centers. They are key to understanding active galactic nuclei and the life cycle of galaxies.

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Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)

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GRBs are extremely energetic explosions observed in distant galaxies, thought to be caused by massive stars collapsing to form neutron stars, black holes, or from neutron star collisions. They are among the brightest events known.

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Quasars

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Quasars are extremely luminous objects powered by massive black holes accreting matter at the centers of galaxies. They are the most distant objects visible and important probes of the early universe.

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Star Clusters

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Star clusters are groups of stars bound by gravity which can be open or globular, providing important insights into the formation and evolution of stars and the Milky Way.

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Exoplanets

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Exoplanets are planets that orbit stars outside our Solar System. Their study informs us about the formation and diversity of planetary systems and the potential for life elsewhere in the universe.

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Pulsars

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Pulsars are highly magnetized, rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation. Their precise pulsations are used to understand fundamental physics and detect gravitational waves.

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Cepheid Variables

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Cepheid variable stars are pulsating stars whose brightness changes in a predictable way, making them valuable 'standard candles' for determining galactic and extragalactic distances.

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Supernova Remnants

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The leftovers of a supernova explosion, these remnants can accelerate particles to cosmic ray velocities and distribute heavy elements throughout the ISM, contributing to the diversity of elements on planets.

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Molecular Clouds

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Molecular clouds are dense regions of the ISM where atoms bond to form molecules, with the most common being molecular hydrogen (H2H_2). These regions are the birthplaces of new stars and planets.

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Interstellar Medium (ISM)

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The ISM is composed of gas and dust that fills the space between stars within a galaxy, influencing star formation and the evolution of galaxies. It can absorb and scatter light, affecting our observations of celestial objects.

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Black Holes

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Black holes are regions of space with gravitational pull so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from them. They are crucial for understanding general relativity and can significantly affect their surroundings.

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Nebulae

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Nebulae are clouds of gas and dust in the ISM, which can be sites of star formation (stellar nurseries) or remnants of supernova explosions. They often emit or reflect light, providing spectacular astronomical objects to observe.

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Dark Matter

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Dark matter constitutes the majority of matter in the universe and affects the motion of galaxies and the structure of the universe, yet it does not emit or absorb light, making it detectable only via its gravitational effects.

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Red Giants

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Red Giants are late-stage stars that have expanded and cooled after exhausting hydrogen in their cores. Their study is essential for understanding stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis.

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Cosmic Rays

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Cosmic rays are high-energy particles originating outside the Solar System, with important effects on the chemical evolution of the ISM, planet atmospheres, and potentially life itself through mutations.

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