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A coronal mass ejection is a significant release of plasma and accompanying magnetic field from the solar corona. These ejections can reach the Earth and other planets, potentially causing geomagnetic storms.

The ionosphere is a layer of Earth's upper atmosphere that is ionized by solar and cosmic radiation. It plays a crucial role in atmospheric electricity and affects radio wave propagation. Other planets with atmospheres also have ionospheres.

Zonal jets are strong west-to-east or east-to-west winds that dominate the atmospheres of the outer planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These jets create and maintain the banded appearance of these gas giants.

A polar vortex is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth's poles. While it's a weather phenomenon specific to Earth, it illustrates how planetary rotation and atmospheric temperature gradients can affect atmospheric circulation.

Space Weather refers to the environmental conditions in space as influenced by the Sun and solar wind. It can affect spacecraft operations, orbital dynamics, and could potentially impact the atmospheres of various planets and moons in the solar system.

Martian dust storms can range from a local storm to planet-encircling events. These storms are generated by winds lifting dust particles into the atmosphere, and they can greatly reduce visibility and alter the Martian climate.

Io, a moon of Jupiter, is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. Its volcanic plumes can rise hundreds of kilometers above the surface and significantly contribute to the plasma in Jupiter's magnetosphere.

The Great Red Spot is a gigantic storm located on Jupiter characterized by high-velocity winds circulating in a counterclockwise direction. It is an example of an anticyclonic storm and has been persistently observed for about 350 years.

A geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the Earth's magnetic field.

A solar flare is a sudden flash of increased brightness on the Sun, usually observed near its surface and in close proximity to a sunspot group. Solar flares are caused by the release of magnetic energy and can impact space weather around the Earth and other planets.

Extraterrestrial hurricanes, akin to Earth's hurricanes, have been observed on Mars and the gas giants. For example, Saturn's north pole hosts a hexagonal jet stream with a hurricane-like storm at the center.

Saturn is known for its massive storm systems, like the Great White Spot, which are comparable to Earth's thunderstorms but on a larger scale. These storms occur roughly every Saturnian year and can be several times the size of Earth.

An aurora is a natural light display in the sky predominantly seen in high-latitude regions, caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere (thermosphere). Auroras occur on Earth and other planets like Jupiter and Saturn.

Interplanetary dust consists of cosmic dust particles that pervade the solar system. These dust particles originate from comets, asteroids, and the interstellar medium, and can affect the surfaces and atmospheres of solar system bodies.

The magnetosphere is the region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are controlled by that object's magnetic field. Earth has a well-known magnetosphere, while Jupiter's is the largest in the solar system.

The atmosphere of Venus experiences sulfuric acid rain. However, due to the extreme heat on the planet's surface, this rain evaporates before reaching the ground, contributing to Venus' thick cloud cover and corrosive environment.

Mercury experiences magnetic storms similarly to Earth due to its magnetic field. These storms are caused by the solar wind interacting with the planet's magnetosphere and can lead to the dynamic behavior of Mercury's thin exosphere.

Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the Sun's photosphere that appear as spots darker than the surrounding areas. They are regions of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux.

Magnetic reconnection is a process in which magnetic field lines from different magnetic domains are forced together and rearrange. This process is responsible for phenomena such as solar flares and is predominant in the solar coronal and magnetospheric environments.