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A measure of how much an orbit deviates from being circular, with 0 being a perfect circle and values closer to 1 indicating more elongated orbits.

An imaginary line around the sky directly above Earth's equator, used as a reference for celestial coordinate systems.

A measure of the reflectivity of a surface, typically used in the context of a planet or moon's surface, indicating how much sunlight it reflects.

A relatively small, often irregularly shaped rocky body orbiting the Sun, primarily found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

Occurs when a rotating body such as a star or gas giant exhibits different angular velocities at different latitudes.

A planet that resembles Jupiter in being a large gas giant, such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune in our solar system.

A large cloud of dust and gas in space, often the birthplace of stars and planetary systems.

The gravitationally curved path of an object around a point in space, such as the path of planets around the sun.

A substance that is easily vaporizable at relatively low temperatures, significant in the context of planetary geology and atmospheres.

The darkest part of a shadow, where the light source is completely blocked by the shadow-casting object, including during solar eclipses.

A large planet that is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium, with a relatively small rocky core, including Jupiter and Saturn in our solar system.

A depression on the surface of a planet, moon, or asteroid created by the collision with a smaller body, such as a meteoroid.

The layer of loose, fragmented material found on the surface of the Moon, formed by the continuous bombardment of micrometeoroids.

The region around a planet dominated by the planet's magnetic field, which protects the planet from solar wind and cosmic radiation.

An extremely bright and distant nuclear region at the center of a galaxy, powered by a supermassive black hole.

The remnant of a small to medium-sized star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel, collapsing to a very small size and eventually cooling and fading.

The point in the sky directly above an observer, used in astronomy to describe a position relative to the horizon.

A type of small, main-sequence star, which includes the Sun, characterized by yellowish color and moderate surface temperature.

A large body of matter in orbit around the sun or another star, thought to be developing into a planet.

A branch of astronomy that studies astronomical objects at X-ray frequencies, particularly useful for studying high-energy phenomena like black holes and neutron stars.

A region of the solar system beyond Neptune's orbit containing many small icy bodies including dwarf planets like Pluto.

The rotation of a planet or moon in the opposite direction to that of most planets in the solar system, as seen from above the North Pole.

The stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the sun, including protons and electrons, that affects planetary magnetospheres.

A rocky planet, generally found in the inner part of a solar system, that has a solid surface, like Earth, Mars, Venus, and Mercury.