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E-Business Models
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B2B (Business-to-Business)
Companies doing business with each other. Examples: Alibaba, Salesforce.
B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
Companies sell directly to consumers. Examples: Amazon, Netflix.
C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)
Consumers sell directly to other consumers. Examples: eBay, Craigslist.
C2B (Consumer-to-Business)
Consumers sell their products or services to businesses. Examples: Stock photos websites, Freelancer platforms.
B2G (Business-to-Government)
Companies provide products or services to government. Examples: Government e-procurement websites.
G2C (Government-to-Citizen)
Government provides services directly to citizens. Examples: Online tax filing, Information portals.
Subscription Model
User pays a recurring fee at regular intervals. Examples: Netflix, Spotify.
Freemium Model
Basic services for free, but charges for advanced features. Examples: LinkedIn, Dropbox.
Advertising Model
Revenue generated by displaying ads to users. Examples: Google, Facebook.
Brokerage Model
Facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers. Examples: eBay, Real estate websites.
Affiliate Model
Earns commission by referring customers to other businesses. Examples: Amazon Associates, Affiliate blogs.
Merchant Model
Buys goods in bulk and sells them online at a markup. Examples: Walmart.com, Best Buy.
Utility Model
Pay-as-you-go or metered service. Examples: Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud.
Community Model
Revenue generated through voluntary contributions or subscription fees. Examples: Wikipedia, Patreon.
On-Demand Model
Provides products/services instantly as they are requested. Examples: Uber, DoorDash.
E-tailing
Retailing over the internet; direct sale of goods to consumers. Examples: Zappos, Wayfair.
Crowdsource Model
Utilizing the crowd to outsource tasks or funding. Examples: Kickstarter, Upwork.
Marketplace Model
Provides a platform for third-party sellers to sell products. Examples: Amazon Marketplace, Etsy.
SaaS (Software as a Service)
Provides access to software on a subscription basis. Examples: Salesforce, Microsoft Office 365.
PaaS (Platform as a Service)
Provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without the complexity of building and maintaining infrastructure. Examples: Heroku, Google App Engine.
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