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Python is an interpreted, high-level programming language that is known for its simplicity and readability. It is commonly used in web development, scientific computing, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scripting.

Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language designed to be portable and to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is commonly used in enterprise environments, Android app development, and large systems development.

C# is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing, declarative, imperative, functional, generic, object-oriented, and component-oriented programming disciplines. It is often used in game development with Unity, as well as in developing Windows applications.

C++ is a general-purpose programming language created as an extension of the C programming language. It supports object-oriented, generic, and functional features. Common use-cases include system/software development, game development, and performance-critical applications.

JavaScript is a high-level, just-in-time compiled programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification. It is widely used for web development, creating interactive websites, and building web applications.

PHP is a popular general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to web development. It is a server-side scripting language used to create dynamic web pages and applications.

Ruby is a dynamic, open source programming language with a focus on simplicity and productivity. It has an elegant syntax that is natural to read and easy to write. Commonly used in web development with the Ruby on Rails framework.

Swift is a powerful and intuitive programming language for iOS, iPadOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS. It is designed for safety and software performance. Common use-cases include developing Apple applications.

Kotlin is a modern statically typed programming language used to make programming for Android clearer, simpler, and more enjoyable. It is also used for server-side development and web services.

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system. It is used for data manipulation, querying, and database schema creations.

R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. It is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis.

Go, also known as Golang, is a statically typed, compiled language designed at Google by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. It is known for its simplicity, efficiency, and concurrency support, and is often used in cloud and networking services.

TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that adds static type definitions. The goal of TypeScript is to help catch mistakes early through a type system and to make JavaScript development more efficient. It's commonly used in large scale web application development.

Scala is a general-purpose programming language providing support for both object-oriented programming and functional programming. The language has a strong static type system and is most commonly used in big data processing frameworks.

Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. It was originally developed for text manipulation but has now become a powerful tool for tasks such as system administration, web development, network programming, and GUI development.

Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language. It was the main programming language used by Apple for macOS and iOS before being superseded by Swift.

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and proprietary programming language developed by MathWorks. It allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, and interfacing with programs written in other languages.

Dart is an open-source general-purpose programming language originally developed by Google and later approved as a standard by Ecma (ECMA-408). It is used to build mobile, desktop, server, and web applications and is the language behind the Flutter framework.

Elixir is a functional, concurrent, general-purpose programming language that runs on the Erlang virtual machine. It is used for building scalable and maintainable applications and is particularly useful for applications that need to handle many concurrent connections.

Rust is a multi-paradigm programming language focused on performance and safety, especially safe concurrency. Rust is syntactically similar to C++, but can guarantee memory safety by using a borrow checker to validate references.

Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing. It is known for its expressiveness and high-level abstraction and is typically used in academia and industry for research, prototyping, and development of production systems.

Clojure is a modern, dynamic, and functional dialect of the Lisp programming language on the Java platform. Like other Lisps, Clojure treats code as data and has a macro system. It is used for concurrent programming and on enterprise applications that require a robust, performant JVM-based system.

Groovy is a powerful, optionally typed and dynamic language, with static-typing and static compilation capabilities. It integrates seamlessly with any Java program and is commonly used for scripting, testing, and web development on the Java platform.

F# is a mature, open-source, cross-platform, functional-first programming language. It empowers users to write succinct, robust and performant code with its strong typing system and concise syntax. It's widely used in financial services and for data-rich analytical computing.

Julia is a high-level, high-performance, dynamic programming language for technical computing. It provides a sophisticated compiler, distributed parallel execution, numerical accuracy, and an extensive mathematical function library.

Lua is a lightweight, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language designed primarily for embedded use in applications. It is widely known for its speed, efficiency, and being easy to embed in applications such as games and electronic appliances.

Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages. It has built-in support for design-by-contract, extremely strong typing, explicit concurrency, and offers hardware access and real-time support.

COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is imperative, procedural, and since 2002, object-oriented. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments.

Prolog is a logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. It has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is intended primarily as a declarative programming language.