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Hedging Strategies
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Futures Contract
An agreement to buy or sell an asset at a future date at an agreed-upon price; used to lock in prices and hedge against price volatility.
Options Contract
A contract which gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a set price on or before a certain date; allows hedging against price movements without committing to the trade.
Swap
A derivative contract through which two parties exchange financial instruments, often used to switch from variable to fixed interest rates or to exchange currency exposures.
Forward Contract
A customized contract between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified price on a future date; a hedge against price risks not covered by standardized exchanges.
Money Market Hedge
Using the money market (dealing with short-term debt instruments) to hedge foreign exchange risk by borrowing and lending in different currencies.
Natural Hedge
Reducing risk through normal operating procedures, such as investing in multiple geographic locations to mitigate the risk of regional downturns.
Commodity Hedge
Using commodity derivatives such as futures and options to hedge against the volatility in commodity prices.
Equity Hedge
Using equity derivatives such as index options or short selling to reduce exposure to stock market volatility.
Currency Hedge
Hedge against foreign exchange risk by using instruments like currency futures, forwards, swaps, or options.
Interest Rate Hedge
Using various instruments like interest rate swaps or futures to mitigate the risk of interest rate fluctuations affecting debt instruments.
Credit Default Swap
A financial swap agreement that the seller of the CDS will compensate the buyer in the event of a loan default or other credit event; a way to hedge against credit risk.
Weather Derivative
Financial instruments that businesses can use to hedge against unpredictable weather events that could impact their profits.
Asset Allocation
Diversification of investment portfolio across various asset classes to reduce risk; not a financial instrument but a strategy to hedge against market uncertainty.
Dynamic Hedging
A strategy that involves frequently adjusting the number of derivative positions to offset the risk of an underlying asset as market conditions change.
Volume Hedge
A hedging strategy that involves purchasing enough futures contracts to cover the volume of goods that are subject to price risk.
Macro Hedge
A hedging strategy used by investors to reduce broad systemic risks by taking positions in futures, options, or swaps markets to offset potential losses.
Hedge Fund
An alternative investment fund that employs different strategies to hedge its investments and manage risk, often by using leveraged, long, short, and derivative positions.
Basis Risk
The risk that the hedge will not move in perfect opposition to the underlying asset, causing imperfect hedging results; the residual risk after hedging.
Operational Hedging
Managing risk through operational strategies such as sourcing from multiple suppliers or adjusting production schedules in response to demand fluctuations.
Political Risk Insurance
Insurance taken by businesses to mitigate potential losses from political events such as expropriation, nationalization, or political violence.
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