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Portfolio Risk Management

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Diversification

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A risk management technique that mixes a wide variety of investments within a portfolio to minimize risk.

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Asset Allocation

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The process of deciding how to distribute an investment portfolio among different asset categories.

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Risk Tolerance

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The degree of variability in investment returns that an investor is willing to withstand in their investment portfolio.

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Correlation

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A statistical measure that describes the degree to which two securities move in relation to each other.

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Portfolio Optimization

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The process of choosing the proportions of various assets to be held in a portfolio in order to make the portfolio better aligned with the investor's objectives.

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Efficient Frontier

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A set of optimal portfolios that offer the highest expected return for a defined level of risk or the lowest risk for a given level of expected return.

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Value at Risk (VaR)

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A statistical technique used to measure and quantify the level of financial risk within a firm or investment portfolio over a specific time frame.

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Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR)

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A risk assessment measure that quantifies the potential extreme losses in the tails of the distribution beyond the VaR level.

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Beta Coefficient

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A measure of the volatility, or systematic risk, of a security or a portfolio in comparison to the market as a whole.

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Standard Deviation

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A statistical measure of market volatility and historical dispersion of returns for a given security or market index.

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Sharpe Ratio

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A way to examine the performance of an investment by adjusting for its risk.

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Alpha Coefficient

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A measure of performance on a risk-adjusted basis of an investment or portfolio, relative to a benchmark index.

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Monte Carlo Simulation

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A mathematical technique that allows people to account for risk in quantitative analysis and decision making.

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Stress Testing

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A simulation technique used to determine how different scenarios such as a financial crisis would affect an investment portfolio.

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Hedging

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The practice of making an investment to reduce the risk of adverse price movements in an asset.

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Black-Litterman Model

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A modern portfolio theory that provides a method for investors to use market information and their unique views to find an ideal portfolio.

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Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

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A model that describes the relationship between systematic risk and expected return for assets, particularly stocks.

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Downside Risk

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Financial risk associated with losses, or the risk that an asset's price will drop below the level of expected return.

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Fixed Income Analysis

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The process of evaluating investments whose payments are set at fixed monetary amounts, like bonds.

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Liquidity Risk

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The risk that an investor might not be able to buy or sell the securities quickly enough because of insufficient trading volume.

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