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Array Methods and Properties
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unshift()




Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array and returns the new length. Complexity: O(n) as it may require shifting all other elements.




shift()




Removes the first element from an array and returns that removed element. Complexity: O(n) as it may require shifting all other elements.




sort()




Sorts the elements of an array in place and returns the array. The default sort order is according to string Unicode code points. Complexity: O(n log n), on average, depending on the implementation.




concat()




Used to merge two or more arrays. This method does not change the existing arrays, but instead returns a new array. Complexity: O(n), where n is the total number of elements in the combined arrays.




splice()




Changes the contents of an array by removing or replacing existing elements and/or adding new elements in place. Complexity: O(n), due to the need to shift elements.




push()




Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array. Complexity: O(1) amortized.




pop()




Removes the last element from an array and returns that element. Complexity: O(1).




slice()




Returns a shallow copy of a portion of an array into a new array object. Complexity: O(n), where n is the number of elements in the selected range.




indexOf()




Returns the first index at which a given element can be found in the array, or -1 if it is not present. Complexity: O(n), where n is the array length.




length




The length property of an array represents the number of elements in the array. Complexity: O(1), as it is just accessing a property.
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