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Memory pooling pre-allocates blocks of memory for efficient reuse, reducing the overhead of frequent allocations. This technique is useful in real-time systems to avoid unpredictable delays.

Stack allocation uses a last-in-first-out (LIFO) strategy to manage memory for local variables within function calls. It's applied during the function call lifecycle.

Heap allocation manages dynamic memory that needs to be explicitly requested and released. It's used when the size of the data cannot be determined at compile time.

Reference counting tracks the number of references to a resource and deallocates it when the count reaches zero. Used in languages with automatic memory management.

Virtual memory uses disk storage to extend RAM, allowing programs to operate on larger datasets than would fit in physical memory. It's typically managed by the operating system.

Garbage collection automatically reclaims memory that a program no longer needs. Common in languages like Java and Python.