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A gossip protocol is a procedure or process of peer-to-peer communication used in distributed computing for redundantly sharing information in a network. Use cases: Maintaining database consistency across distributed systems, epidemic dissemination of updates.

Consistent Hashing is a distributed hashing scheme that operates independently of the number of servers or objects in a distributed hash table by assigning them a position on an abstract circle, or hash ring. Use cases: Load balancing for distributed caching systems like Memcached, data distribution in distributed databases.

A distributed hash table is a decentralized distributed system that provides a lookup service similar to a hash table; key-value pairs are stored in a DHT, and any participating node can efficiently retrieve the value associated with a given key. Use cases: Peer-to-peer networks, decentralized file storage systems.

A Bloom filter is a space-efficient probabilistic data structure that is used to test whether an element is a member of a set. False positive matches are possible, but false negatives are not. Use cases: Spell checkers, network routers to process query caches.

A Merkle tree is a tree in which every leaf node is labelled with the hash of a data block and every non-leaf node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of the labels of its child nodes. Use cases: Blockchain and distributed ledgers for ensuring data consistency across distributed copies.