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Essential Cooking Terms

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Julienne

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To cut food into thin, matchstick-sized strips.

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Caramelize

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To heat sugar until it turns brown, often used to sweeten and flavor foods.

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Pan-fry

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To cook food in an oil-coated pan over medium to high heat.

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Yield

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The amount of food that results from cooking or producing a recipe.

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Grate

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To shred food into fine pieces using a grater.

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Poach

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To cook food gently in liquid just below the boiling point.

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Velouté

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A smooth, velvety sauce made by thickening chicken, veal, or fish stock with a roux.

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Emulsify

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To combine two ingredients together which do not normally mix well, like oil and vinegar.

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Ferment

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A cooking process where food is converted into alcohol or organic acids through microorganisms like yeast or bacteria.

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Purée

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To blend or mash food until it forms a smooth, thick consistency.

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Baste

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To moisten foods during cooking with pan drippings or sauce to add flavor and prevent drying.

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Bake

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To cook food in an oven using dry heat.

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Knead

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To work dough with the hands to combine ingredients and develop gluten.

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Broil

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To cook food using direct heat from above.

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Chop

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To cut food into more or less uniform pieces.

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Fold

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To gently combine a light, airy mixture with a heavier one.

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Glaze

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To coat foods with a glossy mixture such as jelly or sauce.

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Hull

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To remove the green stem from strawberries and other fruits.

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Sweat

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To cook food gently in a little oil or butter, with frequent stirring and tossing.

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Truss

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To tie up meat or poultry with string to hold its shape during cooking.

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Marinate

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To soak food in a flavorful liquid for a period of time to impart flavor and/or tenderize.

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Parboil

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To partially cook food by boiling it briefly before finishing it by another method.

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Sauté

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To cook food quickly in a small amount of fat over relatively high heat.

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To cook fatty meat or poultry—such as bacon or goose—slowly to extract fat.

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Al Dente

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Refers to pasta or rice that is cooked to be firm to the bite.

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Braise

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To cook food slowly in a small amount of liquid in a covered pot.

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Garnish

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To add small amounts of food to enhance the presentation and flavor of a dish.

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Simmer

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To maintain liquid at a temperature just below boiling.

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Stew

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To cook food slowly and for a long time in liquid.

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Blanch

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To plunge food briefly into boiling water, then into ice water to stop the cooking process.

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Sear

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To brown the surface of food quickly at a high temperature.

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Sous-vide

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A method of cooking in which food is placed in a plastic pouch or glass jar and cooked in a water bath for longer than normal cooking times at an accurately regulated temperature.

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Flambé

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To pour liquor over food and ignite it.

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Macérate

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To soak fruit in liquid so as to infuse it with flavor, or to soften it.

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Reduce

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To cook a liquid until its quantity decreases through evaporation, intensifying flavor and thickening the consistency.

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Roast

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To cook food uncovered using dry heat in an oven.

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Steam

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To cook food by exposing it to steam without immersing it in water.

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Whip

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To beat food rapidly to incorporate air and develop light, airy texture.

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Quenelle

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A smooth, oval shape of soft food made with two spoons and used as an elegant presentation.

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Clarinify

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To make a liquid clear by removing sediments or floating impurities.

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Infuse

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To extract flavor or color from ingredients such as tea leaves or herbs by steeping them in a liquid.

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Zest

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To scrape the outer, colored layer of citrus peel, adding flavor to food.

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Chiffonade

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A preparation of shredded or finely cut leafy vegetables, used as a garnish for soup.

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Whisk

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To beat or stir with a lightweight utensil to incorporate air and increase volume.

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Fillet

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To cut meat or fish from the bone.

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Temper

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To slowly mix a hot liquid with a cold one to prevent the cold liquid from curdling, or to stabilize chocolate.

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Season

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To add herbs, spices, or other ingredients to food to enhance its flavor.

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Dice

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To cut into small cubes of uniform size and shape.

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Deglaze

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To dissolve the small particles of sautéed meat and vegetables after cooking by adding liquid and stirring.

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Macerate

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To soften or break up by soaking in a liquid, often used with dried fruit.

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