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Human Ear and Hearing

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Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)

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Vibrates in response to sound waves; transforms acoustic energy into mechanical energy.

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Cochlea

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Spiral-shaped organ that transforms sound vibrations into neural signals through the organ of Corti.

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Oval Window

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The membrane-covered opening that leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear; stapes footplate pushes on this membrane, transferring acoustic energy to the cochlea.

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Tectorial Membrane

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A gelatinous structure in the cochlea that makes contact with the hairs on the surface of the inner hair cells, aiding in the transduction process.

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Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube)

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Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere; allows drainage from the middle ear into the pharynx.

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Auditory Nerve (Cochlear Nerve)

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Transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain; composed of nerve fibers that originate in the organ of Corti.

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Eustachian Tube

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Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere; ensures optimal vibration of the eardrum.

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Auditory Cortex

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Region of the brain that processes auditory information, contributing to perception of sound pitch, loudness, and spatial location.

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Ear Canal (External Auditory Meatus)

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Amplifies certain frequencies of sound, primarily those involved in speech; also directs sound toward the eardrum.

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Basilar Membrane

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A flexible membrane within the cochlea that supports the organ of Corti; responds to varying sound frequencies differentially along its length.

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Organ of Corti

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Contains hair cells that convert mechanical vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain; rests on the basilar membrane inside the cochlea.

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Spiral Ganglion

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Contains the cell bodies of the auditory nerve fibers that transmit auditory information from the inner hair cells to the auditory cortex.

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Round Window

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Allows fluid in the cochlea to move, relieving pressure and facilitating the travel of sound waves.

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Cochlear Duct

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A fluid-filled cavity within the cochlea that separates the scala tympani from the scala vestibuli and contains the organ of Corti.

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Hair Cells (Inner and Outer)

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Sensory receptors in the cochlea that translate the mechanical vibration of sound into electrical signals; crucial for auditory transduction.

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Semicircular Canals

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Three fluid-filled tubes oriented at right angles to each other, part of the vestibular system, which help maintain balance.

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Middle Ear Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)

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Transfer and amplify vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear; the stapes footplate connects to the oval window.

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Inner Ear (Labyrinth)

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Includes the cochlea for hearing and the vestibular system for balance; converts mechanical energy into neural signals.

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Outer Ear (Auricle/Pinna)

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Gathers and focuses sound into the ear canal; helps with sound localization and directionality.

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Vestibular Nerve

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Carries sensory information related to balance from the inner ear to the brain.

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