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Human Ear and Hearing
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Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
Vibrates in response to sound waves; transforms acoustic energy into mechanical energy.
Cochlea
Spiral-shaped organ that transforms sound vibrations into neural signals through the organ of Corti.
Oval Window
The membrane-covered opening that leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear; stapes footplate pushes on this membrane, transferring acoustic energy to the cochlea.
Tectorial Membrane
A gelatinous structure in the cochlea that makes contact with the hairs on the surface of the inner hair cells, aiding in the transduction process.
Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube)
Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere; allows drainage from the middle ear into the pharynx.
Auditory Nerve (Cochlear Nerve)
Transmits auditory information from the cochlea to the brain; composed of nerve fibers that originate in the organ of Corti.
Eustachian Tube
Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere; ensures optimal vibration of the eardrum.
Auditory Cortex
Region of the brain that processes auditory information, contributing to perception of sound pitch, loudness, and spatial location.
Ear Canal (External Auditory Meatus)
Amplifies certain frequencies of sound, primarily those involved in speech; also directs sound toward the eardrum.
Basilar Membrane
A flexible membrane within the cochlea that supports the organ of Corti; responds to varying sound frequencies differentially along its length.
Organ of Corti
Contains hair cells that convert mechanical vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain; rests on the basilar membrane inside the cochlea.
Spiral Ganglion
Contains the cell bodies of the auditory nerve fibers that transmit auditory information from the inner hair cells to the auditory cortex.
Round Window
Allows fluid in the cochlea to move, relieving pressure and facilitating the travel of sound waves.
Cochlear Duct
A fluid-filled cavity within the cochlea that separates the scala tympani from the scala vestibuli and contains the organ of Corti.
Hair Cells (Inner and Outer)
Sensory receptors in the cochlea that translate the mechanical vibration of sound into electrical signals; crucial for auditory transduction.
Semicircular Canals
Three fluid-filled tubes oriented at right angles to each other, part of the vestibular system, which help maintain balance.
Middle Ear Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
Transfer and amplify vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear; the stapes footplate connects to the oval window.
Inner Ear (Labyrinth)
Includes the cochlea for hearing and the vestibular system for balance; converts mechanical energy into neural signals.
Outer Ear (Auricle/Pinna)
Gathers and focuses sound into the ear canal; helps with sound localization and directionality.
Vestibular Nerve
Carries sensory information related to balance from the inner ear to the brain.
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