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CSEM uses a man-made electromagnetic field to map resistivity below the seabed. Helps to identify fluid-filled reservoirs offshore.

4D Seismic surveying involves repeated 3D seismic surveys over time to monitor changes in a reservoir, aiding in production optimization.

Satellite imagery is used to identify surface features and geological formations that may suggest underlying oil and gas deposits.

FTG measures the rate of change in all components of the Earth's gravity field, providing high-resolution data to detect subsurface structures.

Side-scan sonar creates images of the seafloor by emitting sound waves and analyzing the intensity of their return, useful for mapping seafloor features relating to hydrocarbon seeps.

Seismic reflection involves sending sound waves into the ground and analyzing the reflected waves to map subsurface structures. Used to identify potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Exploratory drilling involves drilling a well to obtain rock samples and provide direct evidence of oil and gas. It confirms findings from other exploration methods.

VSP involves recording seismic waves at depth using geophones placed in a borehole, offering a detailed look at the geological features around the borehole.

Airborne gravity surveys use gravity measurements taken from aircraft to map geological structures over large and often inaccessible areas.

HEM surveys use electromagnetic fields generated from a transmitter on a helicopter to measure ground conductivity, helpful for mapping saline groundwater or permafrost, both of which affect oil exploration.

Borehole logging records physical and chemical properties of rocks and the borehole environment using various logging tools to assess the potential of a reservoir.

Remote sensing collects data about the Earth's surface through satellites or aircraft without physical contact, aiding in the identification of oil and gas leads.

Time-lapse gravity monitoring measures changes in the Earth's gravity field at different times to monitor reservoir depletion or aquifer expansion.

Seismic refraction measures the travel time of seismic waves refracted at geological boundaries. Helps to determine the depth and structure of sedimentary layers.

Gravity survey uses variations in Earth's gravitational field to identify density anomalies indicative of oil and gas structures.

Magnetic surveying detects anomalies in the Earth's magnetic field caused by the presence of ferrous minerals. Used in the early stages of exploration to infer geological structure.

Subsurface 3D Modeling uses geological and geophysical data to create computer models of underground structures to predict the presence and extent of oil and gas reservoirs.

Aeromagnetic surveying is conducted using aircraft to measure magnetic variations that indicate presence of sedimentary basins potentially holding hydrocarbons.

Geochemical surveying analyzes chemical properties of soil and water to detect hydrocarbon microseepage, pointing to potential reservoirs.

2D Seismic surveying captures seismic data along lines to provide a cross-sectional image of the subsurface. Used for preliminary mapping of geological structures.

Electromagnetic surveying maps subsurface resistivity contrasts to predict hydrocarbon presence. It is less commonly used than seismic methods.

Passive Seismic Monitoring records natural or induced seismicity over time without using an active source, useful for understanding reservoir dynamics and detecting microseismic events.

Surface geochemical prospecting involves sampling and analyzing soil gases to find hydrocarbons that may have migrated from underground reservoirs to the surface.

3D Seismic surveying collects data over a grid to create detailed three-dimensional maps of subsurface structures, greatly enhancing oil and gas exploration accuracy.