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Reservoir Rock Types

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Sandstone

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Clastic rock with high porosity and permeability, which makes it an excellent petroleum reservoir.

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Limestone

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A sedimentary rock composed mostly of calcite; has potential for high porosity and permeability through dissolution.

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Dolostone

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Sedimentary rock that can host hydrocarbons; secondary porosity can be improved through dolomitization.

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Shale

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Fine-grained sedimentary rock with low porosity and permeability, often acts as a cap rock or source rock rather than reservoir.

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Chalk

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A soft, fine-grained limestone, usually has moderate to high porosity and low to moderate permeability.

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Siltstone

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A sedimentary rock with grain sizes between sandstone and shale, usually has lower porosity and permeability.

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Conglomerate

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Coarse-grained clastic rock with rounded clasts; variable porosity and permeability depending on cementation and matrix composition.

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Breccia

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Coarse-grained clastic rock with angular fragments; porosity and permeability can be high if not well-cemented.

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Fractured Granite

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Igneous rock with low primary porosity can act as a reservoir if it has a significant fracture network.

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Basalt

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A fine-grained igneous rock with typically low porosity and permeability, but can host reservoirs if fractured or vesicular.

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Tight Sandstone

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A sandstone with very low porosity and permeability, requires hydraulic fracturing for hydrocarbon extraction.

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Chert

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A hard, silica-rich sedimentary rock; its porosity and permeability are generally low but can have fractures.

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Coal

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An organic-rich sedimentary rock; while not a typical reservoir, can store and generate natural gas (coalbed methane).

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Marl

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A calcium carbonate- or lime-rich mudstone, it has intermediate properties between limestone and shale.

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Arkose

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A sandstone rich in feldspar, typically showing poor sorting and variable porosity and permeability.

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Mudstone

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Very fine-grained sedimentary rock, with low porosity and permeability, often not suitable for reservoirs but can be a source rock.

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Quartzite

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Metamorphic rock derived from sandstone, very low in porosity and permeability due to recrystallization.

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Graywacke

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A dark, coarse-grained sandy sedimentary rock with complex compositions; reservoir potential depends on matrix and cementation.

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Volcanic Ash

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Consolidated ash from volcanic activity; its reservoir potential is usually limited due to compact nature.

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Tuff

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A rock formed from volcanic ash, may have variable porosity and permeability based on ash particle size and welding.

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Algal Reef

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Bioconstructed carbonate formations that can have high porosity and permeability, acting as excellent reservoirs.

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Diagenetic Carbonates

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Carbonate rocks altered during diagenesis which can either enhance or reduce porosity and permeability.

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Karst Limestone

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Limestone that has been subject to dissolution forming caves and cavities; can exhibit high secondary porosity.

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Anthracite Coal

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The highest grade of coal, it has low porosity and can occasionally produce coalbed methane.

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Phosphorite

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A sedimentary rock rich in phosphate minerals, generally poor as a reservoir but important as a resource rock for phosphorus.

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Oolitic Limestone

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Limestone consisting of ooids, which are cemented spherical grains; it can exhibit good porosity and permeability.

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Pisolitic Limestone

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Similar to oolitic limestone but with larger grains called pisoids; it has variable reservoir characteristics.

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Evaporites

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Sedimentary rocks formed by evaporation, such as gypsum and halite; typically have low porosity but can form impermeable cap rocks.

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Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)

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Precambrian sedimentary rocks with alternating layers of iron-rich minerals and silica; generally not reservoirs but important for iron ore.

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Peat

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The precursor to coal, composed of decomposed plant matter; poor reservoir rock but important in the coal formation process.

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